Journal: Project Engineering DOI: 10.32629/pe.v4i3.21105
Abstract
316L奥氏体不锈钢因含Mo 2%–3%且具有良好的钝化性能,被广泛用作浓硫酸(≥93 wt%)输送管线材料。然而,工程实践与失效统计表明,浓硫酸管线泄漏60%以上的源头 并非母材本身,而是焊接接头,尤其是焊缝两侧的热影响区(HAZ)。本文围绕316L浓硫 酸管线HAZ的腐蚀失效问题,开展系统性研究：首先通过化学分析、SEM、金相组织分 析与腐蚀产物XRD/EDS表征,揭示HAZ在450 ℃–850 ℃敏化温度区间停留所导致的Cr₂₃C₆晶界析出与贫铬现象；继而从电化学动力学角度 阐释晶间腐蚀微电池机理与浓硫酸介质特有的氧化/还原性双重作用；进一步评述了 金相浸蚀法、ASTM A262/G108 EPR、铁素体含量PMI检测、声发射等焊缝HAZ腐蚀检测方法的适用边界；最后提出“ 焊材—工艺—焊后处理”三位一体抗腐蚀提升策略,并通过浸泡试验与极化测试加以验 证。结果表明：在系统应用ER317L/Alloy 20焊材、控制线能量≤15 kJ/cm、层间温度≤100 ℃、并辅以1050 ℃整体固溶+柠檬酸钝化处理后,HAZ在98 % H₂SO₄、60 ℃工况下的腐蚀速率由1.85 mm/y降至0.11 mm/y,使用寿命由约1.5年延长至12年。研究成果对浓硫酸管线选材—焊接—检验—维护 的全寿命周期管理具有借鉴价值。
Keywords
316L不锈钢；浓硫酸管线；焊缝热影响区；晶间腐蚀；敏化；Cr₂₃C₆；电化学动电位再活化 (EPR)；抗腐蚀策略
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[3] NACE International. NACE RP0391-2001 Materials for the Handling and Storage of Commercial Concentrated (90% to 100%)Sulfuric Acid[S].Houston:NACE,2001.
[4] Sedriks A J.Corrosion of Stainless Steels[M].2nd ed. New York:John Wiley & Sons,1996.
[5] Davis J R(ed.).ASM Specialty Handbook: Stainless Steels[M].Materials Park,OH:ASM International,1994.
[6] 杨柯,牛焱.不锈钢中的敏化与晶间腐蚀机理研究进展[J].金属学报,2019,55(8):1 057-1066.
[7] 黄学辉,陈志昕.316L不锈钢应力腐蚀研究进展[J].有色金属材料与工程,2023,44( 5):35-43.
[8] Maroufkhani M,Hakimian S,Khodabandeh A,et al.Influence of Oxygen Content in the Protective Gas on Pitting Corrosion Resistance of a 316L Stainless Steel Weld Joint[J].Materials,2023,16(17):5968.
[9] ASTM International.ASTM A262-15 Standard Practices for Detecting Susceptibility to Intergranular Attack in Austenitic Stainless Steels[S].West Conshohocken:ASTM,2015.
[10] ASTM International.ASTM G108-23 Standard Test Method for Electrochemical Reactivation (EPR) for Detecting Sensitization of AISI Type 304 and 304L Stainless Steels[S].West Conshohocken:ASTM,2023.
[11] 全国钢标准化技术委员会.GB/T29088- 2012金属和合金的腐蚀双环电化学动电位再活化测量方法[S].北京:中国标准出版社,20 12.
[12] 全国钢标准化技术委员会.GB/T4334-2020金属和合金的腐蚀奥氏体及铁素体- 奥氏体(双相)不锈钢晶间腐蚀试验方法[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2020.
[13] CihalV,Stefec R.On the development of the electrochemical potentiokinetic method[J]. Electrochimica Acta,2001,46(24-25):3867-3877.
[14] 国际钼协会.奥氏体不锈钢加工制造实用指南[M].钢铁研究总院译.北京:冶金工业 出版社,2014.
[15] 黄彦良,王福会.焊接接头的腐蚀研究进展[J].中国腐蚀与防护学报,2019,39(2): 95-105.
[16] 周和荣,李晓刚.不同组织的316L不锈钢在NH₄Cl环境下应力腐蚀行为与机理[J].中 国腐蚀与防护学报,2021,41(6):811-818.
[17] AriboS,Bryant M,Neville A,et al.Temperature Effects on Stainless Steel 316L Corrosion in the Environment of Sulphuric Acid (H₂SO₄)[J].IOP Conf.Series: Materials Science and Engineering,2018,343:012016.
[18] American Welding Society.AWS A4.2M:2020 Standard Procedures for Calibrating Magnetic Instruments to Measure the Delta Ferrite Content of Austenitic and Duplex Ferritic-Austenitic Stainless Steel Weld Metal[S].Miami:AWS,2020.
[19] 王福会,韩恩厚.不锈钢焊接接头化学钝化工艺研究[J].中国腐蚀与防护学报,201 9,39(4):345-352.
[20] RolledAlloys.Sulfuric Acid: Materials Selection and Corrosion Data[R].Temperance,MI:Rolled Alloys Inc.,2023.
[21] 全国化工设备标准化委员会.HG/T20581- 2020钢制化工容器材料选用规定[S].北京:化学工业出版社,2020.
[22] 中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局.GB50316- 2000工业金属管道设计规范[S].北京:中国计划出版社,2008.
[23] 高文柱,张振华.316L不锈钢在不同环境中点蚀形核研究[J].材料工程,2015,43(9 ):12-18.
[24] 李红,孙凯.后热处理对不同含碳量SLM- 316L不锈钢晶间腐蚀行为的作用机制研究[J].中国腐蚀与防护学报,2023,43(6):1273- 1282.
[25] ISO.ISO 15614-1:2017 Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials—Welding procedure test[S].Geneva:ISO,2017.
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