The Study of the Change of Foreign Trade Pattern and Domestic Economic Structure Adjustment in the Late Qing Dynasty
Journal: Modern Economics & Management Forum DOI: 10.32629/memf.v6i6.4665
Abstract
After the Opium War, the number of treaty ports surged from five to dozens, with foreign goods extending inland along the Yangtze River while domestic exports expanded from Guangzhou to multiple competitive ports. The traditional "tribute-gift and merchant vessels" system collapsed, silver depreciated, and tax revenues flourished, triggering a domino effect across finance, markets, and society. Foreign trade evolved from peripheral mutual markets into a transformative force shaping national destiny. Each shift in commodity composition, settlement methods, or shipping routes triggered reconfigurations in domestic industries, regional hierarchies, and social stratification. The late Qing economy thus integrated into the global capital system — not passively, but through profound adjustments on its existing foundation, forging a unique industrialization and commercialization trajectory characteristic of a semi-colonial society.
Keywords
late Qing Dynasty, changes in foreign trade pattern, domestic economic restructuring
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