Component Analysis and Precise Prevention and Treatment of Urinary Stones
Journal: Journal of Clinical Medicine Research DOI: 10.32629/jcmr.v6i4.4807
Abstract
Urinary stones are a common disease worldwide, and their incidence has continued to rise in recent years. This article systematically reviews the epidemiological characteristics, formation mechanism, clinical manifestations, and diagnostic treatment methods of kidney stones and ureteral stones, with a special focus on the latest advances in stone component analysis technology and its application value in precision prevention and treatment. Studies have shown that there are significant differences in the formation mechanism, physical properties and metabolic basis of stones of different components, and the accurate analysis of stone components through infrared spectroscopy and other technologies can provide patients with personalized prevention and treatment plans, reducing the recurrence rate from 50%-90% to 10%-15%. This paper also discusses the genetic association between urinary stones and systemic diseases such as metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease, as well as the application prospects of multi-omics technology in stone research. Finally, this paper looks forward to the future challenges and development directions in the field of stone prevention and control, including the development of novel drug targets, the establishment of artificial intelligence-assisted diagnostic systems, and the construction of multi-center collaboration networks.
Keywords
urinary stones; component analysis; infrared spectroscopy; precise prevention and control; relapse prevention; multi-omics technology
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[2] Xu, S., Liu, ZL., Zhang, TW. et al. Self-control study of multi-omics in identification of microenvironment characteristics in calcium oxalate kidney stones[J]. BMC Nephrol 26, 104 (2025).
[3] Bargagli, M., Scoglio, M., Howles. et al. Kidney stone disease: risk factors, pathophysiology and management[J]. Nat Rev Nephrol (2025).
[4] Wadström H, Askling J, Gedeborg R,et al.. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and risk of kidney cancer: A Swedish nationwide cohort study in the general and high-use populations[J]. J Intern Med. 2025 May;297(5):505-517.
[5] Saghamanesh S, Richter H, Neels A, et al. Multi-Modal X-ray Imaging and Analysis for Characterization of Urinary Stones[J]. Applied Science. 2022; 12(8):3798.
[6] Alelign T, Petros B. Kidney Stone Disease: An Update on Current Concepts[J]. Adv Urol. 2018 Feb 4;2018:3068365.
[7] Sorokin I, Mamoulakis C, Miyazawa K, et al.Epidemiology of stone disease across the world[J]. World J Urol. 2017 Sep;35(9):1301-1320.
[8] Zheng J, Zhang Y, Rasheed H, et al.Trans-ethnic Mendelian-randomization study reveals causal relationships between cardiometabolic factors and chronic kidney disease[J]. Int J Epidemiol. 2022 Jan 6;50(6):1995-2010.
[9] Geraghty R, Lovegrove C, Howles S,et al. Role of Genetic Testing in Kidney Stone Disease: A Narrative Review[J]. Curr Urol Rep. 2024 Dec;25(12):311-323.
[10] Romero V, Akpinar H, Assimos DG. Kidney stones: a global picture of prevalence, incidence, and associated risk factors[J]. Rev Urol. 2010 Spring;12(2-3):e86-96.
[11] Scales CD Jr, Smith AC, Hanley JM,et al. Urologic Diseases in America Project. Prevalence of kidney stones in the United States[J]. Eur Urol. 2012 Jul;62(1):160-5.
[12] Zeng G, Mai Z, Xia S,et al. Prevalence of kidney stones in China: an ultrasonography based cross-sectional study[J]. BJU Int. 2017 Jul;120(1):109-116.
[13] Khan SR, Pearle MS, Robertson WG,et al.Kidney stones[J]. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2016 Feb 25;2:16008.
[14] Xu Z, Yao X, Duan C,et al Metabolic changes in kidney stone disease[J]. Front Immunol. 2023 May 9;14:1142207.
[15] Moe OW. Kidney stones: pathophysiology and medical management[J]. Lancet. 2006 Jan 28;367(9507):333-44.
[16] Lieske JC, Rule AD, Krambeck AE,et al. Stone composition as a function of age and sex[J]. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2014 Dec 5;9(12):2141-6.
[17] Tamborino F, Cicchetti R, Mascitti M,et al. Pathophysiology and Main Molecular Mechanisms of Urinary Stone Formation and Recurrence[J]. Int J Mol Sci. 2024 Mar 6;25(5):3075.
[18] Abufaraj M, Xu T, Cao C,et al. Prevalence and Trends in Kidney Stone Among Adults in the USA: Analyses of National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007-2018 Data[J]. Eur Urol Focus. 2021 Nov;7(6):1468-1475.
[19] Hong H, He Y, Gong Z,et al. The association between non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (NHHR) and kidney stones: a cross-sectional study[J]. Lipids Health Dis. 2024 Apr 13;23(1):102.
[20] Dassanayake SN, Lafont T, Somani BK. Association and risk of metabolic syndrome and kidney stone disease: outcomes from a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Curr Opin Urol. 2025 Jul 1;35(4):377-384.
[21] Sakhaee K, Maalouf NM, Kumar R,et al. Nephrolithiasis-associated bone disease: pathogenesis and treatment options[J]. Kidney Int. 2011 Feb;79(4):393-403.
[22] Thongprayoon C, Krambeck AE, Rule AD. Determining the true burden of kidney stone disease[J]. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2020 Dec;16(12):736-746.
[23] Fink HA, Wilt TJ, Eidman KE,et al. Medical management to prevent recurrent nephrolithiasis in adults: a systematic review for an American College of Physicians Clinical Guideline[J]. Ann Intern Med. 2013 Apr 2;158(7):535-43.
[24] Fontenelle LF, Sarti TD. Kidney Stones: Treatment and Prevention[J]. Am Fam Physician. 2019 Apr 15;99(8):490-496.
[25] Zisman AL. Effectiveness of Treatment Modalities on Kidney Stone Recurrence[J]. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017 Oct 6;12(10):1699-1708.
[26] Goldfarb DS, Fischer ME, Keich Y, et al.A twin study of genetic and dietary influences on nephrolithiasis: a report from the Vietnam Era Twin (VET) Registry[J]. Kidney Int. 2005 Mar;67(3):1053-61.
[27] Howles SA, Thakker RV. Genetics of kidney stone disease[J]. Nat Rev Urol. 2020 Jul;17(7):407-421.
[28] Papatsoris A, Alba AB, Galán Llopis JA,et al. Management of urinary stones: state of the art and future perspectives by experts in stone disease[J]. Arch Ital Urol Androl. 2024 Jun 27;96(2):12703.
[29] Stoller ML, Meng MV, Abrahams HM,et al. The primary stone event: a new hypothesis involving a vascular etiology[J]. J Urol. 2004 May;171(5):1920-4.
[30] Canales BK, Anderson L, Higgins L,et al. Proteome of human calcium kidney stones[J]. Urology. 2010 Oct;76(4):1017.e13-20.
[30] Merchant ML, Cummins TD, Wilkey DW,et al. Proteomic analysis of renal calculi indicates an important role for inflammatory processes in calcium stone formation[J]. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2008 Oct;295(4):F1254-8.
[31] Zarse CA, Hameed TA, Jackson ME,et al. CT visible internal stone structure, but not Hounsfield unit value, of calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) calculi predicts lithotripsy fragility in vitro[J]. Urol Res. 2007 Aug;35(4):201-6.
[32] Williams JC Jr, Lingeman JE, Coe FL, Worcester EM, Evan AP. Micro-CT imaging of Randall's plaques. Urolithiasis. 2015 Jan;43 Suppl 1(0 1):13-7.
[33] Talyshinskii A, Juliebø-Jones P, Tzelves L, Naik N, Nedbal C, Keulimzhayev N, Panthier F, Pietropaolo A, Somani BK. Current state of AI for shockwave lithotripsy: a systematic review from YAU and EAU endourology. World J Urol. 2025 Jul 11;43(1):429.
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