Advancements in the Study of Dilated Cardiomyopathy Biomarkers
Journal: Journal of Clinical Medicine Research DOI: 10.32629/jcmr.v5i2.2199
Abstract
Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is the leading cause of sudden cardiac death (SCD) and heart failure (HF) in children and adults worldwide, and it is also the main indication of heart transplantation. DCM remains a significant cause of heart transplantation despite recent improvements in treatment, which is related to the enormous financial strain placed on the world's healthcare system. Therefore, determining the prognosis of individuals with DCM is crucial for providing them with a customized course of treatment. Genetic testing, microvolt T-wave alternation, and late gadolinium-enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance imaging have developed into potent methods for predicting the occurrence of sudden cardiac death and optimizing patient selection. Despite the availability of numerous novel diagnostic techniques, further tests are still required to enhance or partially substitute current methods of risk categorization. As a result, biomarkers are robust and straightforward tools that can identify people at risk for unfavorable cardiovascular events. Thus, this article aims to review the state of the research on biomarkers for DCM.
Keywords
dilated cardiomyopathy, biomarkers, heart failure, risk stratification
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[28]May, B.M., et al., Growth/differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) as a predictor of serious arrhythmic events in patients with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy. Journal of Electrocardiology, 2022. 70: p. 19-23.
[29]Lok, S.I., et al., Circulating growth differentiation factor-15 correlates with myocardial fibrosis in patients with non-ischaemic dilated cardiomyopathy and decreases rapidly after left ventricular assist device support. European Journal of Heart Failure, 2012. 14(11): p. 1249-1256.
[30]Stojkovic, S., et al., GDF-15 is a better complimentary marker for risk stratification of arrhythmic death in non-ischaemic, dilated cardiomyopathy than soluble ST2. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, 2018. 22(4): p. 2422-2429.
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[32]Gomes, C.P.C., et al., Circular RNAs in the cardiovascular system. Non-coding RNA Research, 2018. 3(1).
[33]Memczak, S., et al., Identification and Characterization of Circular RNAs As a New Class of Putative Biomarkers in Human Blood. PloS One, 2015. 10(10): p. e0141214.
[34]Costa, M.C., et al., Circulating circRNA as biomarkers for dilated cardiomyopathy etiology. Journal of Molecular Medicine (Berlin, Germany), 2021. 99(12): p. 1711-1725.
[35]Sun, W., et al., Differential Expression Profiles and Functional Prediction of Circular RNAs in Pediatric Dilated Cardiomyopathy. Frontiers In Molecular Biosciences, 2020. 7: p. 600170.
[2]Richardson, P., et al., Report of the 1995 World Health Organization/International Society and Federation of Cardiology Task Force on the Definition and Classification of cardiomyopathies. Circulation, 1996. 93(5): p. 841-842.
[3]Schultheiss, H.-P., et al., Dilated cardiomyopathy. Nature Reviews. Disease Primers, 2019. 5(1): p. 32.
[4]Kanda, T., C-reactive protein (CRP) in the cardiovascular system. Rinsho Byori. The Japanese Journal of Clinical Pathology, 2001. 49(4): p. 395-401.
[5]Alonso-Martínez, J.L., et al., C-reactive protein as a predictor of improvement and readmission in heart failure. European Journal of Heart Failure, 2002. 4(3): p. 331-336.
[6]Yin, W.-H., et al., Independent prognostic value of elevated high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in chronic heart failure. American Heart Journal, 2004. 147(5): p. 931-938.
[7]Wojciechowska, C., et al., Oxidative stress markers and C-reactive protein are related to severity of heart failure in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. Mediators of Inflammation, 2014. 2014: p. 147040.
[8]Mayo, D.D., J.E. Colletti, and D.C. Kuo, Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) testing in the emergency department. The Journal of Emergency Medicine, 2006. 31(2): p. 201-210.
[9]Hollenberg, S.M., et al., 2019 ACC Expert Consensus Decision Pathway on Risk Assessment, Management, and Clinical Trajectory of Patients Hospitalized With Heart Failure: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Solution Set Oversight Committee. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 2019. 74(15): p. 1966-2011.
[10]Noori, N.M., A. Teimouri, and I. Shahramian, Comparison between brain natriuretic peptide and calcitonin gene-related peptide in children with dilated cardiomyopathy and controls. Nigerian Medical Journal : Journal of the Nigeria Medical Association, 2017. 58(1): p. 37-43.
[11]Tigen, K., et al., Prognostic utility of right ventricular systolic functions assessed by tissue doppler imaging in dilated cardiomyopathy and its correlation with plasma NT-pro-BNP levels. Congestive Heart Failure (Greenwich, Conn.), 2009. 15(5): p. 234-239.
[12]Tiwari, R.P., et al., Cardiac troponins I and T: molecular markers for early diagnosis, prognosis, and accurate triaging of patients with acute myocardial infarction. Molecular Diagnosis & Therapy, 2012. 16(6): p. 371-381.
[13]Kawahara, C., et al., Prognostic role of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T in patients with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy. Circulation Journal : Official Journal of the Japanese Circulation Society, 2011. 75(3): p. 656-661.
[14]Weinmann, K., et al., Use of Cardiac Biomarkers for Monitoring Improvement of Left Ventricular Function by Immunoadsorption Treatment in Dilated Cardiomyopathy. Biomolecules, 2019. 9(11).
[15]Cui, N., M. Hu, and R.A. Khalil, Biochemical and Biological Attributes of Matrix Metalloproteinases. Progress In Molecular Biology and Translational Science, 2017. 147.
[16]Antonov, I.B., et al., Matrix Metalloproteinases MMP-1 and MMP-9 and Their Inhibitor TIMP-1 as Markers of Dilated Cardiomyopathy in Patients of Different Age. Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine, 2018. 164(4): p. 550-553.
[17]Baron, M.A., et al., Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 and 9 Enzymatic Activities are Selectively Increased in the Myocardium of Chronic Chagas Disease Cardiomyopathy Patients: Role of TIMPs. Frontiers In Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 2022. 12: p. 836242.
[18]Shah, R.V. and J.L. Januzzi, ST2: a novel remodeling biomarker in acute and chronic heart failure. Current Heart Failure Reports, 2010. 7(1).
[19]Binas, D., et al., The prognostic value of sST2 and galectin-3 considering different aetiologies in non-ischaemic heart failure. Open Heart, 2018. 5(1): p. e000750.
[20]You, H., et al., Association of Soluble ST2 Serum Levels With Outcomes in Pediatric Dilated Cardiomyopathy. The Canadian Journal of Cardiology, 2019. 35(6): p. 727-735.
[21]Yancy, C.W., et al., 2017 ACC/AHA/HFSA Focused Update of the 2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Failure Society of America. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 2017. 70(6): p. 776-803.
[22]Wu, T., et al., Serum Exosomal MiR-92b-5p as a Potential Biomarker for Acute Heart Failure Caused by Dilated Cardiomyopathy. Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry : International Journal of Experimental Cellular Physiology, Biochemistry, and Pharmacology, 2018. 46(5): p. 1939-1950.
[23]Wang, H., et al., Circulating microRNAs as novel biomarkers for dilated cardiomyopathy. Cardiology Journal, 2017. 24(1): p. 65-73.
[24]Yu, M., et al., Circulating miR-185 might be a novel biomarker for clinical outcome in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. Scientific Reports, 2016. 6: p. 33580.
[25]Wischhusen, J., I. Melero, and W.H. Fridman, Growth/Differentiation Factor-15 (GDF-15): From Biomarker to Novel Targetable Immune Checkpoint. Frontiers In Immunology, 2020. 11: p. 951.
[26]Arkoumani, M., et al., The clinical impact of growth differentiation factor-15 in heart disease: A 2019 update. Critical Reviews In Clinical Laboratory Sciences, 2020. 57(2): p. 114-125.
[27]Wollert, K.C., T. Kempf, and L. Wallentin, Growth Differentiation Factor 15 as a Biomarker in Cardiovascular Disease. Clinical Chemistry, 2017. 63(1): p. 140-151.
[28]May, B.M., et al., Growth/differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) as a predictor of serious arrhythmic events in patients with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy. Journal of Electrocardiology, 2022. 70: p. 19-23.
[29]Lok, S.I., et al., Circulating growth differentiation factor-15 correlates with myocardial fibrosis in patients with non-ischaemic dilated cardiomyopathy and decreases rapidly after left ventricular assist device support. European Journal of Heart Failure, 2012. 14(11): p. 1249-1256.
[30]Stojkovic, S., et al., GDF-15 is a better complimentary marker for risk stratification of arrhythmic death in non-ischaemic, dilated cardiomyopathy than soluble ST2. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, 2018. 22(4): p. 2422-2429.
[31]Lu, D. and T. Thum, RNA-based diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for cardiovascular disease. Nature Reviews. Cardiology, 2019. 16(11): p. 661-674.
[32]Gomes, C.P.C., et al., Circular RNAs in the cardiovascular system. Non-coding RNA Research, 2018. 3(1).
[33]Memczak, S., et al., Identification and Characterization of Circular RNAs As a New Class of Putative Biomarkers in Human Blood. PloS One, 2015. 10(10): p. e0141214.
[34]Costa, M.C., et al., Circulating circRNA as biomarkers for dilated cardiomyopathy etiology. Journal of Molecular Medicine (Berlin, Germany), 2021. 99(12): p. 1711-1725.
[35]Sun, W., et al., Differential Expression Profiles and Functional Prediction of Circular RNAs in Pediatric Dilated Cardiomyopathy. Frontiers In Molecular Biosciences, 2020. 7: p. 600170.
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