Pneumococcal disease: current challenges in patients with chronic kidney disease and diabetes mellitus
Journal: Advances in Medicine and Engineering Interdisciplinary Research DOI: 10.32629/ameir.v4i1.4923
Abstract
Pneumococcal disease is defined as any infection caused by the bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae; it is called invasive when the isolation of this microorganism is confirmed in sites of the body that are normally sterile, such as blood and cerebrospinal fluid, and non-invasive when the infection occurs in sites of the body that are normally non-sterile. Chronic kidney disease and diabetes mellitus are important risk factors for the development of pneumococcal disease due to their status of immunosuppression; therefore, anti-pneumococcal vaccination is a fundamental preventive measure in patients who suffer from these conditions.
Keywords
chronic kidney disease; mellitus diabetes; streptococcal infections
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[13] Torres A, Blasi F, Dartois N, Akova M. Which individuals are at increased risk of pneumococcal disease and why? Impact of COPD, asthma, smoking, diabetes, and/or chronic heart disease on community-acquired pneumonia and invasive pneumococcal disease: Thorax. 2015;70(10):984-9. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thoraxjnl-2015-206780. ↑Ver página3
[14] Mor A, Thomsen RW, Ulrichsen SP, Sørensen HT. Chronic heart failure and risk of hospi- talization with pneumonia: A population-based study. Eur J Intern Med. 2013;24(4):349-53. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2013.02.013. "Ver página3
[15] Shea KM, Edelsberg J, Weycker D, Farkouh RA, Strutton DR, Pelton SI. Rates of Pneumococcal Disease in Adults With Chronic Medical Conditions. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2014;1(1):ofu024. https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofu024. ↑Ver página3
[16] Juthani-Mehta M, DeRekeneire N, Allore H, Chen S, O'Leary JR, Bauer DC, et al. Modifiable Risk Factors for Pneumonia Requiring Hospitalization of Community-Dwelling Older Adults: The Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study.JAm Geriatr Soc. 2013;61(7):1111- 8. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jgs.12325. ↑Ver página3
[17] Ochoa-Gondar O, Vila-Corcoles A, de Diego C, Arija V, Maxenchs M, Grive M, et al. The burden of community-acquired pneumonia in the elderly: the Spanish EVAN-65 study. BMC Public Health. 2008;8:222. https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-8-222. ↑Ver página3
[18] Jaume A, Salle F, Devita A, Martínez F, Sgarbi N. Fístula de líquido cefalorraquídeo pos-traumática: propuesta de algoritmo diagnóstico y terapéutico. Arch Med Int. 2015;37(1):47- 52. ↑Ver página3
[19] Gil-Prieto R, Garcia-Garcia L, Alvaro-Meca A, Mendez C, Garcia A, de Miguel AG. The burden of hospitalisations for community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and pneumococcal pneumonia in adults in Spain (2003-2007). Vaccine. 2011;29(3):412-6. https://dx.doi.org/10. 1016/j.vaccine.2010.11.025. ↑Ver página3
[20] Chidiac C. Pneumococcal infections and adult with risk factors. Med Mal Infect. 2012;42(10):517-24. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.medmal.2012.04.003. ↑Ver página3
[21] Syed-Ahmed M, Narayanan M. Immune Dysfunction and Risk of Infection in Chronic Kidney Disease. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2019;26(1):8-15. https://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.ackd. 2019.01.004. "Ver página4
[22] Ishigami J, Matsushita K. Clinical epidemiology of infectious disease among patients with chronic kidney disease. Clin Exp Nephrol. 2019;23(4):437-47.https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/ s10157-018-1641-8. ↑Ver página4
[23] Saran R, Robinson B, Abbott KC, Agodoa LYC, Bhave N, Bragg-Gresham J, et al. US Renal Data System 2017 Annual Data Report: Epidemiology of Kidney Disease in the United States. Am J Kidney Dis. 2018;71(3 Suppl 1):A7. https://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2018.01.002. ↑Ver página4
[24] James MT, Laupland KB, Tonelli M, Manns BJ, Culleton BF, Hemmelgarn BR. Risk of Bloodstream Infection in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease Not Treated With Dialysis. Arch Intern Med. 2088;168(21):2333-9. https://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinte.168.21.2333. ↑Ver página4
[25] Dalrymple LS, Katz R, Kestenbaum B, de Boer IH, Fried L, Sarnak MJ, et al. The Risk of Infection-Related Hospitalization With Decreased Kidney Function. Am J Kidney Dis. 2012;59(3):356-63. https://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2011.07.012. ↑Ver página4
[26] Alicic RZ, Rooney MT, Tuttle KR. Diabetic Kidney Disease: Challenges, Progress, and Possibilities. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017;12(12):2032-45. https://dx.doi.org/10.2215/CJN. 11491116. ↑Ver página4
[27] Tesch GH. Diabetic nephropathy - is this an immune disorder? Clin Sci (Lond). 2017;131(16):2183-99. https://dx.doi.org/10.1042/CS20160636. ↑Ver página4
[28] Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Diabetes Work Group. KDIGO 2020 Clinical Practice Guideline for Diabetes Management in Chronic Kidney Disease. Kid- ney Int. 2020;98(4S):S1–S115. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.kint.2020.06.019. ↑Ver página4
[29] Gross JL, de Azevedo MJ, Silveiro SP, Canani LH, Caramori ML, Zelmanovitz T. Diabetic Nephropathy: Diagnosis, Prevention, and Treatment. Diabetes Care. 2005;28(1):164-76. https://dx.doi.org/10.2337/diacare.28.1.164. ↑Ver página4
[30] Lim A. Diabetic nephropathy-complications and treatment. Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis. 2014;7:361-81. https://dx.doi.org/10.2147/IJNRD.S40172. ↑Ver página4
[31] Umanath K, Lewis JB. Update on Diabetic Nephropathy: Core Curriculum 2018. Am J Kidney Dis. 2018;71(6):884-95. https://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2017.10.026. "Ver página4
[32] Casqueiro J, Casqueiro J, Alves C. Infections in patients with diabetes mellitus: A review of pathogenesis. Indian J Endocr Metab. 2012;16(Suppl 1):s27-36. https://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ 2230-8210.94253. ↑Ver página4
[33] Pahl MV, Vaziri ND. Immune Function in Chronic Kidney Disease. En: Chronic Renal Disease. Elsevier; 2015 [citado agosto 9 de 2020]. p. 285-97. Disponible en:https://linkinghub. elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B978012411602300024X. ↑Ver página4
[34] Krueger KM, Ison MG, Ghossein C. Practical Guide to Vaccination in All Stages of CKD, Including Patients Treated by Dialysis or Kidney Transplantation. Am J Kidney Dis. 2020;75(3):417-25. https://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2019.06.014. Ver página5, 6, 8
[35] Viasus D, Garcia-Vidal C, Cruzado JM, Adamuz J, Verdaguer R, Manresa F, et al. Epidemiology, clinical features and outcomes of pneumonia in patients with chronic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2011;26(9):2899-906. https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfq798. ↑Ver página5
[36] Slinin Y, Foley RN, Collins AJ. Clinical epidemiology of pneumonia in hemodialysis patients: the USRDS waves 1, 3, and 4 study. Kidney Int. 2006;70(6):1135-41. https://dx.doi.org/ 10.1038/sj.ki.5001714. ↑Ver página5
[37] Dinits-Pensy M, Forrest GN, Cross AS, Hise MK. The Use of Vaccines in Adult Patients With Renal Disease. Am J Kidney Dis. 2005;46(6):997-1011. https://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd. 2005.08.032. ↑Ver página5
[38] Sarnak MJ, Jaber BL. Pulmonary infectious mortality among patients with end-stage renal disease. Chest. 2001;120(6):1883-7. https://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.120.6.1883. ↑Ver página5
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