Schistosomiasis as a Risk Factor for Bladder Cancer. Central Hospital of Nampula, Mozambique
Journal: Advances in Medicine and Engineering Interdisciplinary Research DOI: 10.32629/ameir.v2i4.3102
Abstract
Introduction: schistosomiasis is the most important trematode infection globally. Squamous cell carcinoma constitutes 2% of all the histological types of bladder cancer; however, the incidence of this variety of cancer in squistosomiasis-endemic countries is higher. Objective: to evaluate the relationship between squistosomiasis and bladder cancer in patients from the Central Hospital of Nampula. Materials and methods: a cross-sectional descriptive observational study was carried in the period between January 2014 and December 2020. Patients were divided into age-groups, by 10-year intervals. Biopsy samples of bladder tumors were taken, classified by histological type, in addition to findings related to squistosomiasis infestations and bladder cancer presentation forms. The universe consisted of 184 patients and the sample of 135 cases. Results: it was found that the largest number of patients with bladder cancer is male; squamous cell carcinoma is the most frequent histological type, representing 84.3% of the total. Cystitis, schistosome and their eggs were present in almost all the biopsies performed. Its most frequent presentation forms were hematuric and painful cystitis. Conclusions: bladder cancer showed higher incidence at the ages between 30 and 69 years. The squamous cell carcinoma was the most frequent, and its relationship with cystitis and schistosome infection was present in more than 90% of biopsies.
Funding
bladder cancer; schistosomiasis; cystitis; hematuria
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[4] Donate Moreno MJ, Pastor Navarro H, Giménez Bachs JM, et al. Vesical schistosomiasis, case report and Spanish literature review. Actas Urol Esp. 2006 Jul-Ago;30(7):714-9. Citado en PubMed; PMID: 17058618.
[5] World Health Organization. Atlas of the Global Distribution of Schistosomiasis. Mozambique and Malawi. Geneva: WHO; 1987. p. 223-31.
[6] Gama Vaz R. Schistosomiase e carcinoma da bexiga. Revista médica de Moçambique [Internet]. 1993;4(2):2-5. Disponible en: https://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=4816601
[7] Grau-Pujol B, Massangaie M, Cano J, et al. Frequency and distribution of neglected tropical diseases in Mozambique: a systematic review. Infec Dis Poverty [Internet]. 2019;8(1):1-11. Disponible en: https://idpjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40249-019-0613-x
[8] Patel SM, Rizza SA. The porcelain bladder: schistosomiasis. Am J Med [Internet]. 2012;125(12):1178-80. Disponible en: https://www.amjmed.com/article/S0002-9343(12)00683-3/fulltext
[9] Cumberbatch MGK, Jubber I, Black PC, et al. Epidemiology of bladder cancer: a systematic review and contemporary update of risk factors in 2018. Eur Urol [Internet]. 2018;74(6):784-95. Disponible en: https://www.clinicalkey.es/#!/content/journal/1-s2.0-S0302283818306511
[10] Sociedad Americana contra el Cáncer. Cáncer de vejiga detección, diagnóstico, clasificación por etapas, señales y síntomas [Internet]. EU: American Cancer Society; 2019 enero 30. Disponible en: https://www.cancer.org/es/cancer/cancer-de-vejiga/deteccion-diagnostico-clasificacion-por-etapas/senales-y-sintomas.html
[11] O'Hara J. Mayo Clinic Q&A podcast: bladder cancer patients require ongoing surveillance [Internet]. Minnesota: Mayo Clinic; 2021 may 17. Disponible en: https://newsnetwork.mayoclinic.org/discussion/mayo-clinic-qa-podcast-bladder-cancer-patients-require-ongoing-surveillance/
[12] Parkin DM. The global burden of urinary bladder cancer. Scand J Urol Nephrol [Internet]. 2008;42(Supl 218):12-20. Disponible en: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03008880802285032
[13] Antoni S, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, et al. Bladder cancer incidence and mortality: a global overview and recent trends. Eur Urol [Internet]. 2017;71(1):96-108. Disponible en: https://www.clinicalkey.es/#!/content/journal/1-s2.0-S0302283816302809
[14] Sociedad Americana contra el Cáncer. Tasas de supervivencia del cáncer de vejiga [Internet]. EU: American Cancer Society; 2021 Feb. Disponible en: https://www.cancer.org/es/cancer/cancer-de-vejiga/deteccion-diagnostico-clasificacion-por-etapas/tasas-de-supervivencia.html
[15] González Resina R, Sánchez Bernal ML, Pérez Espejo MP, et al. Carcinoma epidermoide vesical: Revisión de nuestra serie. Arch Esp Urol [Internet]. Oct 2006;59(8):785-90. Disponible en: http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0004-06142006000800005&lng=es
[16] International Agency for Research on Cancer. Global Cancer Observatory [Internet]. Ginebra: World Health Organization; Mar 2021. Disponible en: https://gco.iarc.fr/today/data/factsheets/populations/508-mozambique-fact-sheets.pdf
[17] Adeloye D, Harhay MO, Ayepola OO, et al. Estimate of the incidence of bladder cancer in Africa: a systematic review and Bayesian meta-analysis. Int J Urol [Internet]. 2019;26(1):102-12. Disponible en: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/iju.13824
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