Integrating Threshold Analysis with Simulation of Intelligent Agents for Enhancing Space Experience
Journal: Architecture Engineering and Science DOI: 10.32629/aes.v7i1.4852
Abstract
India is a diverse country in terms of culture, language, religion, region, festivals, and beliefs. According to Vedic literature, Hinduism is one of the oldest and most celebrated religions. Temples are the integral core of its identity. The collective worship at different occasions attracts a humongous crowd, making devotee management an arduous task. These gatherings foster community feeling and attachments through celebration and beliefs, but present substantial risks if not administered effectively. Undoubtedly, modern crowd monitoring systems and crowd simulation have eased the management of crowds, but crowd-related disasters highlight a need for more efficient investigation. This paper aims to assess the role of agent-based simulation in enhancing devotees' experience, even in an overcrowded scenario. The results show that intelligent agent-based modeling not only highlights the problems with current operational procedures but also yields an efficient crowd management strategy that may help reduce stampedes and stampede-like scenarios and enhance the space experience.
Keywords
crowd management, crowd simulation, intelligent agents, religious gathering, temple complexes, India.
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[2]Al-Nabhan N., AlDuhiam M., Al Hussain S., Abdullah H., AlHaid M and AlDuhaishi R. (2021). KSUTraffic: A Microscopic Traffic Simulator for Traffic Planning in Smart Cities. Computers, Materials & Continua,68(2), pp 1831-1845.doi: 10.32604/cmc.2021.012231.
[3]Aziz, B. T. (1987). Personal Dimensions of the Sacred Journey: What Pilgrims Say, Religious Studies, 23 (2), pp 247-261.doi: 10.1017/S0034412500018758.
[4]Bamaqa A., Sedky M., Bosakowaski T., Bastaki B. B. and Alshammari N.O. (2022).SIMCD: SIMulated crowd data for anomaly detection and prediction, Expert Systems with Applications, 203( C),pp 19.doi: 10.1016/j.eswa.2022.117475.
[5]Dang Huu -Tu., Gaudou B. and Verstaevel N. (2024). A literature review of dense crowd simulation." Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory, 134.doi: 10.1016/j.simpat.2024.102955.
[6]Deshwal, Kanha. (2025). List of Fair and Festivals in Mathura & Vrindavan. Retrieved July 26, 2025 from https://mathuravrindavantemples.com/mathura-vrindavan-festivals/ (accessed July 26, 2025).
[7]Ghosh, Debosmita. (2023). India has 53 l temples per one lakh population, Tamil Nadu tops the list.Times Now.Retrieved January 5, 2023 from https://www.timesnownews.com/spiritual/india-has-53-temples-per-one-lakh-population-tamil-nadu-tops-the-list-article-97940463.
[8]Golas A., Narain R. and Lin M.C.(2014). Continuum modeling of crowd turbulence." Phys. Rev. E, 90 (4).doi: 10.1103/PhysRevE.90.042816.
[9]Illiyas F.T., Mani S., Kumar A.P. and Mohan K. (2013). Human stampedes during religious festivals: A comparative review of mass gathering emergencies in India." International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 5, pp 10-18.doi: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2013.09.003.
[10]Jaiswal, R. (2022). Devotees, temple staff fight over darshan at Kashi Vishwanath temple, India Today. Retrieved July 31, 2025 from https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/devotees-temple-staff-fight-over-darshan-kashi-vishwanath-temple-1979288-2022-07-24.
[11]Kapoor S., Seghal V. and Mathur M. (2022). Spatial Transformations and Urban Conservation of Religious-Historic Towns:A Case of Vrindavan, India." Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection, 10,pp 289-308.doi: 10.4236/gep.2022.108018.
[12]Lakr H and Kasthala S. (2015). Disaster Preparedness for Mass Religious Gatherings in India- Learning from Case Studies." 2nd World Congress on Disaster Management (2nd WCDM), Vishakhapatnam.
[13]Lee, Ris S. and Hughes, R. L. (2005). Exploring Trampling and Crushing in a Crowd.” Journal of Transportation Engineering-Asce 131 (8), pp 572-582.doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-947X(2005)131:8(575).
[14]Manual, PTV. (2024). PTV Manual. Germany: PTV Planung Transport Verkehr GmbH, Karlsruhe, Germany.
[15]Mishra, I. (2025). Haridwar Mansa Devi temple stampede: Eight dead, several injured; Uttarakhand CM Dhami orders magisterial probe.The Hindu.Retrieved July 31,2025 from https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/uttarakhand/several-dead-injured-mansa-devi-temple-haridwar-updates-july-27/article69861040.ece
[16]Mishra, R. and Pal, K. (2020). An Analytical Study of Tourists’ Satisfaction at the Cultural/Pilgrimage Sites of Sultanganj Region of Bhagalpur in Bihar. Indian Journal of International Tourism & Hospitality, III(1),pp 41-56.
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[21]Prasunamba and Muralidhar, B. V. (2017). Crowd and queue Management. Emperor International Journal of Finance and Management Research, 4(4),pp 295-299.
[22]Prasunamba and Muralidhar, B.V. (2018). Temple Management Issues and Challenges in the Current Era. Shanlax International Journal of Commerce, 6(2), pp 277-283.
[23]PTV, Viswalk. (2025). PTV Group.Retrieved from https://www.ptvgroup.com/en/products/pedestrian-simulation-software-ptv-viswalk/knowledge-base/how-to/density-based-partial-routes (accessed 2025).
[24]Rao R. (2005). The Agama Encyclopaedia. Sri Satguru Publication, Delhi.
[25]Rawat, M. (2022). Stampede-like Situation Occurs at Banke Bihari Temple in UP's Mathura; 4 Devotees injured.Republicworld.com.Retrieved November 7, 2022 from https://www.republicworld.com/india-news/accidents-and-disasters/stampede-like-situation-occurs-at-banke-bihari-temple-in-ups-mathura-4-devotees-injured-articleshow.html.
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[27]Sanjjamts, A., Morita, H. and Togootogtokh, E. (2025). Real-Time Moving Flock Detection in Pedestrian Trajectories Using Sequential Deep Learning Models. ArXiv, abs/2502.15252.
[28]Service, Express News. (2022). Two die of suffocation in Janmashtami stampede at Banke Bihari temple.The NewIndian Epress.Retrieved December 19,2024 from https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2022/aug/20/two-die-of-suffocation-in-janmashtami-stampede-at-banke-bihari-temple-2489556.html
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[31]Singal, R. (2024). Crowd Simulation and Modeling: Understanding the Dynamics of Human Behavior from https://ravindersingal.com/crowd-simulation-and-modeling/, 2024.
[32]Srivastava, S. K. (2012). Concept of Integrated Security, Surveillance and Crowd Management Technology and Systems: A comprehensive solution. Ranchi: Jharkhand Government.
[33]Taneja, L and Bolia, N. (2019). Risk Management Strategies to avoid Stampede at Mass Gatherings.Second World Conference on Disaster Management (2nd WCDM).
[34]Team, ETV Bharat English. (2023). Two women die of suffocation during darshan in Uttar Pradesh's Banke Bihari temple.ETV Bharat. Retrieved July 1, 2025 from https://www.etvbharat.com/english/state/uttar-pradesh/two-women-die-of-suffocation-during-darshan-in-uttar-pradeshs-banke-bihari-temple/na20231224224424367367696.
[35]Tourism, Mathura Vrindavan.(2025). Banke Bihari Temple.Mathura Vrindavan Tourism. Retrieved July 26, 2025 from https://mathuravrindavantourism.co.in/.
[36]Zhou, S., Chen, D., Wentong, C., Luo, L., Malcolm Y. H., Tian, F., Tay, Victor Su-Han., Ong, Darren Wee Sze. and Hamilton, Benjamin D. Crowd Modeling and Simulation Technologies. Association for Computing Machinery, 20(4),pp 1-35.doi: 10.1145/1842722.1842725.
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