Analyzing the Relationship of Fluoride Contamination with Groundwater Temperatures in India
Journal: Architecture Engineering and Science DOI: 10.32629/aes.v3i3.1010
Abstract
In this paper an attempt has been made to address fluoride contamination in groundwater of India from 2000-2020, along with its relationship with depth to water level and hots springs. Fluoride pollution has been widespread throughout India for decades. Because groundwater is India's primary supply of drinking water, fluoride pollution is a concern. The permissible limit of fluoride concentration by WHO is 0.6-1.5 mg/l while Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) prescribes rather less vibrant range of fluoride 1-1.5 mg/l. Present study is review of fluoride concentration change in groundwater in past two decades of Indian states as well as validating the relation of fluoride concentrations with Depth to water level. With increasing depth to water level, the fluoride concentration in groundwater increases in 80% of the cases reviewed. Concentration of fluoride in Guwahati which is near the Brahmaputra River is higher (0.18 – 6.88 mg/l) than Nalbari (0.02 – 1.56 mg/l) which is away from Brahmaputra. There has been no significant change in the fluoride concentration in cases of Yavatamal & Guntur district during past two decades. In Nagaur district of Rajasthan fluoride concentration decreased from 8.5-28 mg/l in (2010) to 0.5-8.5 mg/l in (2013). In Unnao district fluoride concentration has increased from 1.45-3.75 mg/l in (2002) to 0.8-13.9 mg/l (2010). In case of Bihar, the areas of hard rock formations, the fluoride concentration were found to be higher while in the alluvial formations there were lesser cases of fluoride exceeding the required limit which is 1.5 mg/l. In Vellore district of Tamil Nadu fluoride concentration was found to be increasing within a period of 1 year from 0.2 – 3 mg/l in (2017) to 2.15 – 4.91 mg/l in (2018).
Keywords
fluoride, hot spring, groundwater, depth to water level, fluorosis
Full Text
PDF - Viewed/Downloaded: 8 TimesReferences
[1]Acharya, S., Sharma, S., Khandegar, V., 2018. Assessment of groundwater quality by water quality indices for irrigation and drinking in South West Delhi, India. Data in Brief 18, 2019–2028.
[2]Adimalla N (2018). Groundwater quality for drinking and irrigation purposes and potential health risks assessment: a case study from semi-arid region of south India. Expo Health. https://doi.org/10.1007/s1240 3-018-0288-8.
[3]Ahada, C.P., Suthar, S., 2018. Assessing groundwater hydrochemistry of Malwa Punjab, India. Arabian Journal of Geosciences 11, 17.
[4]Ali, S., Thakur, S.K., Sarkar, A., Shekhar, S., 2016. Worldwide contamination of water by fluoride. Environ. Chem. Lett. 14, 291–315. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-016- 0563-5.
[5]Amini, M., et al., 2008. Statistical modeling of global geogenic fluoride contamination in groundwaters. Environ. Sci. Technol. 42 (10), 3662–3668.
[6]Arif, M., Hussain, I., Hussain, J., Sharma, S., Kumar, S., 2012. Fluoride in the drinking water of Nagaur Tehsil of Nagaur district, Rajasthan, India. Bull. Environ. Contam.
[7]Arif, M., Hussain, I., Hussain, J., Kumar, S., 2013. Assessment of fluoride level in groundwater and prevalence of dental fluorosis in Didwana block of Nagaur district,Central Rajasthan, India. Int. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 4 247-178-184.
[8]Arulbalaji, P., Gurugnanam, B., 2017. Groundwater quality assessment using geospatial and statistical tools in Salem District, Tamil Nadu, India. Applied Water Science 7, 2737–2751.
[9]Avtar, R., Kumar, P., Surjan, A., Gupta, L., Roychowdhury, K., 2013. Geochemical processes regulating groundwater chemistry with special reference to nitrate and fluoride enrichment in Chhatarpur area, Madhya Pradesh, India. Environmental Earth Sciences 70, 1699–1708.
[10]B. Hari Babu, P. Suresh, A. Ramesh Babu, K. Swarna Latha & A.V.V.Swamy, Determination Of Fluoride Concentration In Ground Water Of Yerraguntla And Jammalamadugu Areas Of Ysr Kadapa District Of Andhra Pradesh (India). Rasayan Journal Chemistry, Vol. 9 | No. 2 |222 - 226.
[11]B. Ramesh & B. Kavitha, Estimation of Fluoride Concentration in Groundwater in some Villages of Jammikunta Mandal, Karimnagar District, Telangana, India. International Journal of Engineering Inventions Volume 5, Issue 5 [May 2016] PP: 46-48.
[12]Batabyal, A.K., 2017. Hydrogeochemical processes and contaminants enrichment with special emphasis on fluoride in groundwater of Birbhum district, West Bengal, India. Environmental Earth Sciences 76, 285.
[13]Battaleb-Looie, S., Moore, F., Jafari, H., et al., 2012. Environ Earth Sci 67, 1173. https:// doi.org/10.1007/s12665-012-1560-z.
[14]Bhagirathi Behera, Naveen Kumar & Mrutyunjay Moharana, Assessment of ground water pollution due to fluoride concentration and water quality in and around Purulia district, West Bengal, India. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 2014, 6(8):384-392.
[15]Bhupinder Singh & Anuradha, Assessment of groundwater quality with reference to fluoride and prevalence of dental fluorosis among school children: A Study of Panipat town (NCR). Environ. We Int. J. Sci. Tech. 14 (2019) 169-182.
[16]C. Vikas 1, R. K. Kushwaha & M. K. Pandit, Hydrochemical Status of Groundwater in District Ajmer (NW India) with Reference to Fluoride Distribution, Journal of Geological Society of India | Volume 73, Issue 6, June 2009.
[17]Chander Kumar Singh, Kumari Rina, R. P. Singh, S. Shashtri, V. Kamal & S. Mukherjee, Geochemical Modeling of High Fluoride Concentration in Groundwater of Pokhran Area of Rajasthan, India. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol (2011) 86:152–158.
[18]Chandiran Sharmila, Sorimuthu Pillai Subramanian, Endemic Fluorosis in Vellore District, Tamil Nadu – A Bio-geochemical Approach. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res., 54(2), January - February 2019; Article No. 11, Pages: 58-66.
[19]Chaudhary, V., Kumar, M., Sharma, M., Yadav, B., 2010. Fluoride, boron and nitrate toxicity in ground water of northwest Rajasthan, India. Environ. Monit. Assess. 161, 343–348.
[20]D.V. Reddy, P. Nagabhushanam , B.S. Sukhija , A.G.S. Reddy, P.L. Smedley, Chemical Geology 269 (2010) 278–289.
[21]Daisy Sabal & T.I. Khan, Fluoride contamination status of groundwater in Phulera tehsil of Jaipur district, Rajasthan. J. Environ. Biol. 29(6), 871-876 (2008).
[22]Dar, M.A., Sankar, K., Dar, I.A., 2011. Fluorine contamination in groundwater: a major challenge. Environ. Monit. Assess. 173, 955–968.
[23]Das, B., Talukdar, J., Sarma, S., Gohain, B., Dutta, R. K., Das, H. B., & Das, S. C. (2003). Fluoride and other inorganic constituents in groundwater of Guwahati, Assam, India, Current Science, 85(5), 657-661.
[24]Dehbandi, R., Moore, F., Keshavarzi, B., 2018. Geochemical sources, hydrogeochemical behavior, and health risk assessment of fluoride in an endemic fluorosis area, central Iran. Chemosphere 193, 763–776.
[25]Dey, R., Swain, S., Mishra, S., Sharma, P., Patnaik, T., Singh, V., Dehury, B., Jha, U., Patel, R., 2012. Hydrogeochemical processes controlling the high fluoride concentration in groundwater: a case study at the Boden block area, Orissa, India. Environ. Monit. Assess. 184, 3279–3291.
[26]G. Alagumuthu & M.Rajan, Monitoring of fluoride concentration in ground water of kadayam block of tirunelveli district, India: correlation with physico-chemical parameters. Rasayan J. Chem. Vol.1, No.4 (2008),920-928.
[27]Garg, V. K., Suthar, S., Singh, S., Sheoran, A., Garima, Meenakshi, & Jain, S., (2009). Drinking water quality in villages of southwestern Haryana, India: Assessing human health risks associated with hydrochemistry. Environmental Geology, 58, 1329-1340.
[28]Garg, V., Malik, A., 2004. Groundwater quality in some villages of Haryana, India: focus on fluoride and fluorosis. J. Hazard Mater. 106, 85–97.
[29]Godfrey, S., Labhasetwar, P., Wate, S., Pimpalkar, S., 2011. How safe are the global water coverage figures? Case study from Madhya Pradesh, India. Environ. Monit. Assess. 176, 561–574.
[30]Hundal, H., Khurana, M.P., 2013. An appraisal of groundwater quality for drinking and irrigation purposes in southern part of Bathinda district of Punjab, northwest India. Environmental Earth Sciences 70, 1841–1851.
[31]Hussain, I., Arif, M., Hussain, J., 2012. Fluoride contamination in drinking water in rural habitations of Central Rajasthan, India. Environ. Monit. Assess. 184, 5151–5158.
[32]Hussain, J., Hussain, I., Sharma, K., 2010. Fluoride and health hazards: community perception in a fluorotic area of central Rajasthan (India): an arid environment. Environ. Monit. Assess. 162, 1–14.
[33]Jha, S., Nayak, A., Sharma, Y., 2010. Potential fluoride contamination in the drinking water of Marks Nagar, Unnao district, Uttar Pradesh, India. Environ. Geochem. Health 32, 217–226.
[34]Joshi, A., Seth, G., 2011. Hydrochemical profile for assessing the groundwater quality of Sambhar lake City and its Adjoining area. Environ. Monit. Assess. 174, 547–554.
[35]K. Brindha, R. Rajesh, R. Murugan, L. Elango, Fluoride contamination in groundwater in partsof Nalgonda District, Andhra Pradesh, India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, February 2010.
[36]K.S. Meena, R.K. Gunsaria, Kanta Meena, N. Kumar P.L. Meena & R.R. Meena, Ground Water Quality Assessment of Rural Area of Deoli Tehsil, Tonk District (Rajasthan) with Special Reference to Fluoride Analysis. Asian Journal of Chemistry; Vol. 24, No. 12 (2012).
[37]K. Shailaja & Mary Esther Cynthia Johnson, Fluorides in groundwater and its impact on health. Journal of Environmental Biology April 2007, 28(2) 331-332.
[38]Kamlesh Prasad & J P Shukla, Fluoride behaviour analysis in groundwater with reference to hydrogeochemical parameters in basaltic aquifers using remote sensing and GIS technique in parts of Burhner watershed, MP, India. J. Earth Syst. Sci. (2019) 128 220.
[39]Karthikeyan, K., Nanthakumar, K., Velmurugan, P., Tamilarasi, S., Lakshmanaperumalsamy, P., 2010. Prevalence of certain inorganic constituents in groundwater samples of Erode district, Tamilnadu, India, with special emphasis on fluoride, fluorosis and its remedial measures. Environ. Monit. Assess. 160, 141–155.
[40]Kumar, M., Chanda, N., Kumar, A., Kumar, B., Venkatesh, M., 2018a. Geochemical assessment of fluoride pollution in groundwater of tribal region in India. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 100, 421–429.
[41]Kumar, P.S., 2017. Grounding a natural background level for fluoride in a potentially contaminated crystalline aquifer in south India. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Control Ser. 24, 26623–26633.
[42]Kumar, S., Venkatesh, A., Singh, R., Udayabhanu, G., Saha, D., 2018b. Geochemical signatures and isotopic systematics constraining dynamics of fluoride contamination in groundwater across Jamui district, Indo-Gangetic alluvial plains, India. Chemosphere 205, 493–505.
[43]Kundu, M. C., & Mandal, B. (2009). Assessment of potential hazards of fluoride contamination in drinking groundwater of an intensively cultivated district in West Bengal, India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 152, 97-103.
[44]Li P, Tian R, Xue C, et al. (2017a). Progress, opportunities and key fields for groundwater quality research under the impacts of human activities in China with a special focus on western China. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24(15):13224–34. doi:10.1007/s11356-017-8753-7.
[45]M. K. Beg, S. K. Srivastav, E. J. M. Carranza & J. B. de Smeth, High fluoride incidence in groundwater and its potential health effects in parts of Raigarh District, Chhattisgarh, India. Current Science, Vol. 100, No. 5, 10 March 2011.
[46]Madhnure, P., Sirsikar, D. Y., Tiwari, N., Ranjan, B., & Malpe, D. B. (2007). Occurrence of fluoride in the groundwaters of Pandharkawada area, Yavatmal district, Maharashtra, India. Current Science, 92(5), 675-679.
[47]Mamatha, P and Rao, Sudhakar M (2010) Geochemistry of fluoride rich groundwater in Kolar and Tumkur Districts of Karnataka. Environmental Earth Sciences, 61 (1). pp. 131-142.
[48]Manish Kr. Tiwari, to evaluate the significance of ground water in rural areas at bilaspur particular position to fluoride attention, Jr. of Industrial Pollution Control 30(2)(2014) pp 361-363.
[49]Meenakshi, V.K. Garg, Kavita, Renuka & Anju Malik, Groundwater quality in some villages of Haryana, India: focus on fluoride and fluorosis. Journal of Hazardous Materials 106B (2004) 85–97.
[50]Misra, A.K., Mishra, A., 2007. Study of quaternary aquifers in Ganga Plain, India: focus on groundwater salinity, fluoride and fluorosis. J. Hazard Mater. 144, 438–448.
[51]Mohammed Arif, Jakir Hussain, Ikbal Husain, Fluoride Distribution in Villages of Jhajjar District of Haryana, India. International Journal of Engineering and Research and Technology, Volume 3, Issue 3, 2015.
[52]Mor, S., Singh, S., Yadav, P., Rani, V., Rani, P., Sheoran, M., Singh, G., Ravindra, K., 2009. Appraisal of salinity and fluoride in a semi-arid region of India using statistical and multivariate techniques. Environ. Geochem. Health 31, 643.
[53]Mukul Bishnoi & Shalu Arora, Potable groundwater quality in some villages of Haryana, India: Focus on fluoride. Journal of Environmental Biology, April 2007, 28(2) 291-294.
[54]NC Mondal, RK Prasad, Virender Kumar Saxena, Yamuna Singh, Appraisal of highly fluoride zones in groundwater of Kurmapalli watershed, Nalgonda district, Andhra Pradesh (India), Environ Earth Sci (2009) 59:63–73.
[55]N. Subba Rao(2003), Groundwater quality: Focus on fluoride concentration in rural parts of Guntur district, Andhra Pradesh, India. Hydrological Sciences Journal (40:8), 835-847.
[56]N. Subba Rao, Seasonal variation of groundwater quality in a part of Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh, India. Environ Geol (2006) 49: 413–429.
[57]N. Subba Rao, Fluoride in groundwater, Varaha River Basin, Visakhapatnam District, Andhra Pradesh, India. Environ Monit Assess (2009) 152:47–60.
[58]Nagaraju Arveti, M. R. S. Sarma, J. A. Aitkenhead-Peterson , K. Sunil, Fluoride incidence in groundwater: a case study from Talupula, Andhra Pradesh, India. Environ Monit Assess (2011) 172:427–443.
[59]Narsimha. A & V. Sudarshan, Contamination of fluoride in groundwater and its effect on human health: a case study in hard rock aquifers of Siddipet, Telangana State, India. Appl Water Sci. DOI 10.1007/s13201-016-0441-0.
[60]Narsimha, A., 2018. Elevated fluoride concentration levels in rural villages of Siddipet, Telangana State, South India. Data in Brief 16, 693.
[61]Narsimha, A., Sudarshan, V., 2018a. Data on fluoride concentration levels in semi-arid region of Medak, Telangana, South India. Data in Brief 16, 717–723.
[62]Narsimha, A., Sudarshan, V., 2018b. Drinking water pollution with respective of fluoride in the semi-arid region of Basara, Nirmal district, Telangana State, India. Data in brief 16, 752–757.
[63]Pandith, M., Malpe, D., Rao, A., Rao, P., 2016. Aquifer wise seasonal variations and\ spatial distribution of major ions with focus on fluoride contamination- Pandharkawada block, Yavatmal district, Maharashtra, India. Environ. Monit. Assess. 188, 72.
[64]Pandith, M., Kaplay, R., Potdar, S., Sangnor, H., Rao, A., 2017. Impact of urbanization coupled with drought situations on groundwater quality in shallow (basalt) and deeper (granite) aquifers with special reference to fluoride in Nanded-Waghala Municipal Corporation, Nanded District, Maharashtra (India). Environ. Monit. Assess. 189, 428.
[65]Podgorski, et al., 2018. Prediction modeling and mapping of groundwater fluoride contamination throughout India. Environ. Sci. Technol. 52 (17), 9889–9898. https://doi. org/10.1021/acs.est.8b01679.
[66]Pradeep kumar.R & SriPrakash.DKN, Assessment of Fluoride Concentration in Groundwater in Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu, India. IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) e-ISSN: 2319-2402,p- ISSN: 2319-2399.Volume 8, Issue 6 Ver. II (Jun. 2014), PP 45-46.
[67]Prasad, Y.S., Rao, B.V., 2018. Monitoring and assessment of groundwater quality in a khondalitic terrain, Andhra Pradesh, India. Environ. Monit. Assess. 190, 426.
[68]Rajendra (2002), Groundwater Flouride Contamination in Unnao District (U.P.), People’s Science Institute 252 Vasant Vihar, Phase-1.
[69]Rao, N.S., 2017, Controlling factors of fluoride in groundwater in a part of Soutj India. Arabian jornal of geosciences, 10, 524.
[70]Ravindra, K., Garg, V.K., 2006. Distribution of fluoride in groundwater and its suitability assessment for drinking purpose. Int. J. Environ. Health Res. 16, 163–166.
[71]Ravindra, K., Garg, V.K., 2007. Hydro-chemical survey of groundwater of Hisar city and assessment of defluoridation methods used in India. Environ. Monit. Assess. 132, 33–43.
[72]Ray RK, Syed TH, Saha D, et al. (2017). Assessment of village-wise groundwater draft for irrigation: a field-based study in hard-rock aquifers of central India. Hydrogeol J 25(8):2513–25. doi: 10.1007/s10040-017-1625-x.
[73]S. Manikandan, S. Chidambaram, AL. Ramanathan, M. V. Prasanna, U. Karmegam, C. Singaraja, P. Paramaguru & I. Jainab, A study on the high fluoride concentration in the magnesium-rich waters of hard rock aquifer in Krishnagiri district, Tamilnadu, India. Arab J Geosci DOI 10.1007/s12517-012-0752-x.
[74]Sahu, B.L., Banjare, G.R., Ramteke, S., Patel, K.S., Matini, L., 2017. Fluoride contamination of groundwater and toxicities in dongargaon block, Chhattisgarh, Indian Exposure and Health 9, 143–156.
[75]Samal, A.C., Bhattacharya, P., Mallick, A., Ali, M.M., Pyne, J., Santra, S.C., 2015. A study to investigate fluoride contamination and fluoride exposure dose assessment in lateritic zones of West Bengal, India. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Control Ser. 22, 6220–6229.
[76]Sanda Rajitha & Praveen Raj Saxena, Fluoride Contamination in the Groundwater in and its Effect on Human Health in Alladurg Area: A Case Study of Medak District, Telangana State, India. Research & Reviews: Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, ISSN: 2347-7830.
[77]Sankararamakrishnan, N., Sharma, A.K., Iyengar, L., 2008. Contamination of nitrate and fluoride in ground water along the Ganges Alluvial Plain of Kanpur district, Uttar Pradesh, India. Environ. Monit. Assess. 146, 375–382.
[78]Saurabh Levin, Sunderrajan Krishnan, Samuel Rajkumar, Nischal Halery, Pradeep Balkunde,
[79]Monitoring of fluoride in water samples using a smartphone, Science of The Total Environment,
[80]Volumes 551–552, 2016, Pages 101-107, ISSN 0048-9697, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.156.
[81]Shaji, E., Viju B. J., & Thambi D. S. (2007). High fluoride in groundwater of Palghat District, Kerala. Current Science, 92(2), 240-245.
[82]Shankar, B., Balasubramanya, N., Reddy, M.M., 2008. Impact of industrialization on groundwater quality–a case study of Peenya industrial area, Bangalore, India. Environ. Monit. Assess. 142, 263–268.
[83]Singaraja, C., Chidambaram, S., Anandhan, P., Prasanna, M.V., Thivya, C., Thilagavathi, R., 2013. A study on the status of fluoride ion in groundwater of coastal hard rock aquifers of south India. Arabian Journal of Geosciences 6, 4167–4177.
[84]Singh, B., Gaur, S., Garg, V., 2007. Fluoride in drinking water and human urine in Southern Haryana, India. J. Hazard Mater. 144, 147–151.
[85]Singh, C.K., Mukherjee, S., 2015. Aqueous geochemistry of fluoride enriched groundwater in arid part of Western India. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Control Ser. 22, 2668–2678.
[86]Sivasankar, V., Ramachandramoorthy, T., Chandramohan, A., 2013. Deterioration of coastal groundwater quality in Island and mainland regions of Ramanathapuram District, Southern India. Environ. Monit. Assess. 185, 931–944.
[87]Srikanth, R., Gautam, A., Jaiswal, S.C., Singh, P., 2013. Urinary fluoride as a monitoring tool for assessing successful intervention in the provision of safe drinking water supply in five fluoride-affected villages in Dhar district, Madhya Pradesh, India. Environ. Monit. Assess. 185, 2343–2350.
[88]Srinivasamoorthy, K., Vijayaraghavan, K., Vasanthavigar, M., Sarma, S., Chidambaram, S., Anandhan, P., Manivannan, R., 2012. Assessment of groundwater quality with special emphasis on fluoride contamination in crystalline bed rock aquifers of Mettur region, Tamilnadu, India. Arabian Journal of Geosciences 5, 83–94.
[89]Subramani, T., Rajmohan, N., Elango, L., 2010. Groundwater geochemistry and identification of hydrogeochemical processes in a hard rock region, Southern India. Environ. Monit. Assess. 162, 123–137.
[90]Sudarshan, V., Narsimha, A., Das, S., 2018. Geochemical behavior of fluoride-rich groundwater in Markapur, Andhra Pradesh, South India. Data in Brief 18, 87–95.
[91]Surendra Singh, Fluoride Contamination in Groundwater in Some Villages of Banda District, Uttar Pradesh, India. IJIRST –International Journal for Innovative Research in Science & Technology| Volume 3 | Issue 06 | November 2016.
[92]Suthar, S., Garg, V. K., Jangir, S., Kaur, S., Goswami, N., & Singh, S. (2008). Fluoride contamination in drinking water in rural habitations of Northern Rajasthan, India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 145, 1-6.
[93]Suthar, S., 2011. Contaminated drinking water and rural health perspectives in Rajasthan, India: an overview of recent case studies. Environ. Monit. Assess. 173, 837–849.
[94]Tejbir Singh Rana, Bharat Ratnu & Kiran Bamel, Fluoride Toxicity of Ground Water in Makrana Tehsil, Nagaur District, Rajasthan. DU Journal of Undergraduate Research and Innovation, Volume 1 Issue 2, Page 386-394.
[95]Teotia, S. P.S. and Teotia, M. Endemic fluorosis in India: A challenging National Health problem. J AP I., 32(4 ), 347-352 (1984).
[96]Tiwari, A.K., Singh, A.K., Mahato, M.K., 2017. GIS based evaluation of fluoride contamination and assessment of fluoride exposure dose in groundwater of a district in Uttar Pradesh, India. Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. Int. J. 23, 56–66.
[97]Ugran, V., Desai, N.N., Chakraborti, D., Masali, K.A., Mantur, P., Kulkarni, S., Deshmukh, N., Chadchan, K.S., Das, S.N., Tanksali, A.S., 2017. Groundwater fluoride contamination and its possible health implications in Indi taluk of Vijayapura District (Karnataka State), India. Environ. Geochem. Health 39, 1017–1029.
[98]Usham, A., Dubey, C., Shukla, D., Mishra, B., Bhartiya, G., 2018. Sources of fluoride contamination in Singrauli with special reference to Rihand reservoir and its surrounding. J. Geol. Soc. India 91, 441–448.
[99]Vasanthavigar, M., Srinivasamoorthy, K., Vijayaragavan, K., Ganthi, R.R., Chidambaram, S., Anandhan, P., Manivannan, R., Vasudevan, S., 2010. Application of water quality index for groundwater quality assessment: Thirumanimuttar sub-basin, Tamilnadu, India. Environ. Monit. Assess. 171, 595–609.
[100]Veeraputhiran.V & Alagumuthu.G, A report on Fluoride distribution in drinking Water. International Journal Of Environmental Sciences Volume 1, No 4, 2010.
[101]Vetrimurugan, E., Elango, L., 2015. Groundwater chemistry and quality in an intensively cultivated river delta. Water Quality, Exposure and Health 7, 125–141.
[2]Adimalla N (2018). Groundwater quality for drinking and irrigation purposes and potential health risks assessment: a case study from semi-arid region of south India. Expo Health. https://doi.org/10.1007/s1240 3-018-0288-8.
[3]Ahada, C.P., Suthar, S., 2018. Assessing groundwater hydrochemistry of Malwa Punjab, India. Arabian Journal of Geosciences 11, 17.
[4]Ali, S., Thakur, S.K., Sarkar, A., Shekhar, S., 2016. Worldwide contamination of water by fluoride. Environ. Chem. Lett. 14, 291–315. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-016- 0563-5.
[5]Amini, M., et al., 2008. Statistical modeling of global geogenic fluoride contamination in groundwaters. Environ. Sci. Technol. 42 (10), 3662–3668.
[6]Arif, M., Hussain, I., Hussain, J., Sharma, S., Kumar, S., 2012. Fluoride in the drinking water of Nagaur Tehsil of Nagaur district, Rajasthan, India. Bull. Environ. Contam.
[7]Arif, M., Hussain, I., Hussain, J., Kumar, S., 2013. Assessment of fluoride level in groundwater and prevalence of dental fluorosis in Didwana block of Nagaur district,Central Rajasthan, India. Int. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 4 247-178-184.
[8]Arulbalaji, P., Gurugnanam, B., 2017. Groundwater quality assessment using geospatial and statistical tools in Salem District, Tamil Nadu, India. Applied Water Science 7, 2737–2751.
[9]Avtar, R., Kumar, P., Surjan, A., Gupta, L., Roychowdhury, K., 2013. Geochemical processes regulating groundwater chemistry with special reference to nitrate and fluoride enrichment in Chhatarpur area, Madhya Pradesh, India. Environmental Earth Sciences 70, 1699–1708.
[10]B. Hari Babu, P. Suresh, A. Ramesh Babu, K. Swarna Latha & A.V.V.Swamy, Determination Of Fluoride Concentration In Ground Water Of Yerraguntla And Jammalamadugu Areas Of Ysr Kadapa District Of Andhra Pradesh (India). Rasayan Journal Chemistry, Vol. 9 | No. 2 |222 - 226.
[11]B. Ramesh & B. Kavitha, Estimation of Fluoride Concentration in Groundwater in some Villages of Jammikunta Mandal, Karimnagar District, Telangana, India. International Journal of Engineering Inventions Volume 5, Issue 5 [May 2016] PP: 46-48.
[12]Batabyal, A.K., 2017. Hydrogeochemical processes and contaminants enrichment with special emphasis on fluoride in groundwater of Birbhum district, West Bengal, India. Environmental Earth Sciences 76, 285.
[13]Battaleb-Looie, S., Moore, F., Jafari, H., et al., 2012. Environ Earth Sci 67, 1173. https:// doi.org/10.1007/s12665-012-1560-z.
[14]Bhagirathi Behera, Naveen Kumar & Mrutyunjay Moharana, Assessment of ground water pollution due to fluoride concentration and water quality in and around Purulia district, West Bengal, India. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 2014, 6(8):384-392.
[15]Bhupinder Singh & Anuradha, Assessment of groundwater quality with reference to fluoride and prevalence of dental fluorosis among school children: A Study of Panipat town (NCR). Environ. We Int. J. Sci. Tech. 14 (2019) 169-182.
[16]C. Vikas 1, R. K. Kushwaha & M. K. Pandit, Hydrochemical Status of Groundwater in District Ajmer (NW India) with Reference to Fluoride Distribution, Journal of Geological Society of India | Volume 73, Issue 6, June 2009.
[17]Chander Kumar Singh, Kumari Rina, R. P. Singh, S. Shashtri, V. Kamal & S. Mukherjee, Geochemical Modeling of High Fluoride Concentration in Groundwater of Pokhran Area of Rajasthan, India. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol (2011) 86:152–158.
[18]Chandiran Sharmila, Sorimuthu Pillai Subramanian, Endemic Fluorosis in Vellore District, Tamil Nadu – A Bio-geochemical Approach. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res., 54(2), January - February 2019; Article No. 11, Pages: 58-66.
[19]Chaudhary, V., Kumar, M., Sharma, M., Yadav, B., 2010. Fluoride, boron and nitrate toxicity in ground water of northwest Rajasthan, India. Environ. Monit. Assess. 161, 343–348.
[20]D.V. Reddy, P. Nagabhushanam , B.S. Sukhija , A.G.S. Reddy, P.L. Smedley, Chemical Geology 269 (2010) 278–289.
[21]Daisy Sabal & T.I. Khan, Fluoride contamination status of groundwater in Phulera tehsil of Jaipur district, Rajasthan. J. Environ. Biol. 29(6), 871-876 (2008).
[22]Dar, M.A., Sankar, K., Dar, I.A., 2011. Fluorine contamination in groundwater: a major challenge. Environ. Monit. Assess. 173, 955–968.
[23]Das, B., Talukdar, J., Sarma, S., Gohain, B., Dutta, R. K., Das, H. B., & Das, S. C. (2003). Fluoride and other inorganic constituents in groundwater of Guwahati, Assam, India, Current Science, 85(5), 657-661.
[24]Dehbandi, R., Moore, F., Keshavarzi, B., 2018. Geochemical sources, hydrogeochemical behavior, and health risk assessment of fluoride in an endemic fluorosis area, central Iran. Chemosphere 193, 763–776.
[25]Dey, R., Swain, S., Mishra, S., Sharma, P., Patnaik, T., Singh, V., Dehury, B., Jha, U., Patel, R., 2012. Hydrogeochemical processes controlling the high fluoride concentration in groundwater: a case study at the Boden block area, Orissa, India. Environ. Monit. Assess. 184, 3279–3291.
[26]G. Alagumuthu & M.Rajan, Monitoring of fluoride concentration in ground water of kadayam block of tirunelveli district, India: correlation with physico-chemical parameters. Rasayan J. Chem. Vol.1, No.4 (2008),920-928.
[27]Garg, V. K., Suthar, S., Singh, S., Sheoran, A., Garima, Meenakshi, & Jain, S., (2009). Drinking water quality in villages of southwestern Haryana, India: Assessing human health risks associated with hydrochemistry. Environmental Geology, 58, 1329-1340.
[28]Garg, V., Malik, A., 2004. Groundwater quality in some villages of Haryana, India: focus on fluoride and fluorosis. J. Hazard Mater. 106, 85–97.
[29]Godfrey, S., Labhasetwar, P., Wate, S., Pimpalkar, S., 2011. How safe are the global water coverage figures? Case study from Madhya Pradesh, India. Environ. Monit. Assess. 176, 561–574.
[30]Hundal, H., Khurana, M.P., 2013. An appraisal of groundwater quality for drinking and irrigation purposes in southern part of Bathinda district of Punjab, northwest India. Environmental Earth Sciences 70, 1841–1851.
[31]Hussain, I., Arif, M., Hussain, J., 2012. Fluoride contamination in drinking water in rural habitations of Central Rajasthan, India. Environ. Monit. Assess. 184, 5151–5158.
[32]Hussain, J., Hussain, I., Sharma, K., 2010. Fluoride and health hazards: community perception in a fluorotic area of central Rajasthan (India): an arid environment. Environ. Monit. Assess. 162, 1–14.
[33]Jha, S., Nayak, A., Sharma, Y., 2010. Potential fluoride contamination in the drinking water of Marks Nagar, Unnao district, Uttar Pradesh, India. Environ. Geochem. Health 32, 217–226.
[34]Joshi, A., Seth, G., 2011. Hydrochemical profile for assessing the groundwater quality of Sambhar lake City and its Adjoining area. Environ. Monit. Assess. 174, 547–554.
[35]K. Brindha, R. Rajesh, R. Murugan, L. Elango, Fluoride contamination in groundwater in partsof Nalgonda District, Andhra Pradesh, India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, February 2010.
[36]K.S. Meena, R.K. Gunsaria, Kanta Meena, N. Kumar P.L. Meena & R.R. Meena, Ground Water Quality Assessment of Rural Area of Deoli Tehsil, Tonk District (Rajasthan) with Special Reference to Fluoride Analysis. Asian Journal of Chemistry; Vol. 24, No. 12 (2012).
[37]K. Shailaja & Mary Esther Cynthia Johnson, Fluorides in groundwater and its impact on health. Journal of Environmental Biology April 2007, 28(2) 331-332.
[38]Kamlesh Prasad & J P Shukla, Fluoride behaviour analysis in groundwater with reference to hydrogeochemical parameters in basaltic aquifers using remote sensing and GIS technique in parts of Burhner watershed, MP, India. J. Earth Syst. Sci. (2019) 128 220.
[39]Karthikeyan, K., Nanthakumar, K., Velmurugan, P., Tamilarasi, S., Lakshmanaperumalsamy, P., 2010. Prevalence of certain inorganic constituents in groundwater samples of Erode district, Tamilnadu, India, with special emphasis on fluoride, fluorosis and its remedial measures. Environ. Monit. Assess. 160, 141–155.
[40]Kumar, M., Chanda, N., Kumar, A., Kumar, B., Venkatesh, M., 2018a. Geochemical assessment of fluoride pollution in groundwater of tribal region in India. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 100, 421–429.
[41]Kumar, P.S., 2017. Grounding a natural background level for fluoride in a potentially contaminated crystalline aquifer in south India. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Control Ser. 24, 26623–26633.
[42]Kumar, S., Venkatesh, A., Singh, R., Udayabhanu, G., Saha, D., 2018b. Geochemical signatures and isotopic systematics constraining dynamics of fluoride contamination in groundwater across Jamui district, Indo-Gangetic alluvial plains, India. Chemosphere 205, 493–505.
[43]Kundu, M. C., & Mandal, B. (2009). Assessment of potential hazards of fluoride contamination in drinking groundwater of an intensively cultivated district in West Bengal, India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 152, 97-103.
[44]Li P, Tian R, Xue C, et al. (2017a). Progress, opportunities and key fields for groundwater quality research under the impacts of human activities in China with a special focus on western China. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24(15):13224–34. doi:10.1007/s11356-017-8753-7.
[45]M. K. Beg, S. K. Srivastav, E. J. M. Carranza & J. B. de Smeth, High fluoride incidence in groundwater and its potential health effects in parts of Raigarh District, Chhattisgarh, India. Current Science, Vol. 100, No. 5, 10 March 2011.
[46]Madhnure, P., Sirsikar, D. Y., Tiwari, N., Ranjan, B., & Malpe, D. B. (2007). Occurrence of fluoride in the groundwaters of Pandharkawada area, Yavatmal district, Maharashtra, India. Current Science, 92(5), 675-679.
[47]Mamatha, P and Rao, Sudhakar M (2010) Geochemistry of fluoride rich groundwater in Kolar and Tumkur Districts of Karnataka. Environmental Earth Sciences, 61 (1). pp. 131-142.
[48]Manish Kr. Tiwari, to evaluate the significance of ground water in rural areas at bilaspur particular position to fluoride attention, Jr. of Industrial Pollution Control 30(2)(2014) pp 361-363.
[49]Meenakshi, V.K. Garg, Kavita, Renuka & Anju Malik, Groundwater quality in some villages of Haryana, India: focus on fluoride and fluorosis. Journal of Hazardous Materials 106B (2004) 85–97.
[50]Misra, A.K., Mishra, A., 2007. Study of quaternary aquifers in Ganga Plain, India: focus on groundwater salinity, fluoride and fluorosis. J. Hazard Mater. 144, 438–448.
[51]Mohammed Arif, Jakir Hussain, Ikbal Husain, Fluoride Distribution in Villages of Jhajjar District of Haryana, India. International Journal of Engineering and Research and Technology, Volume 3, Issue 3, 2015.
[52]Mor, S., Singh, S., Yadav, P., Rani, V., Rani, P., Sheoran, M., Singh, G., Ravindra, K., 2009. Appraisal of salinity and fluoride in a semi-arid region of India using statistical and multivariate techniques. Environ. Geochem. Health 31, 643.
[53]Mukul Bishnoi & Shalu Arora, Potable groundwater quality in some villages of Haryana, India: Focus on fluoride. Journal of Environmental Biology, April 2007, 28(2) 291-294.
[54]NC Mondal, RK Prasad, Virender Kumar Saxena, Yamuna Singh, Appraisal of highly fluoride zones in groundwater of Kurmapalli watershed, Nalgonda district, Andhra Pradesh (India), Environ Earth Sci (2009) 59:63–73.
[55]N. Subba Rao(2003), Groundwater quality: Focus on fluoride concentration in rural parts of Guntur district, Andhra Pradesh, India. Hydrological Sciences Journal (40:8), 835-847.
[56]N. Subba Rao, Seasonal variation of groundwater quality in a part of Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh, India. Environ Geol (2006) 49: 413–429.
[57]N. Subba Rao, Fluoride in groundwater, Varaha River Basin, Visakhapatnam District, Andhra Pradesh, India. Environ Monit Assess (2009) 152:47–60.
[58]Nagaraju Arveti, M. R. S. Sarma, J. A. Aitkenhead-Peterson , K. Sunil, Fluoride incidence in groundwater: a case study from Talupula, Andhra Pradesh, India. Environ Monit Assess (2011) 172:427–443.
[59]Narsimha. A & V. Sudarshan, Contamination of fluoride in groundwater and its effect on human health: a case study in hard rock aquifers of Siddipet, Telangana State, India. Appl Water Sci. DOI 10.1007/s13201-016-0441-0.
[60]Narsimha, A., 2018. Elevated fluoride concentration levels in rural villages of Siddipet, Telangana State, South India. Data in Brief 16, 693.
[61]Narsimha, A., Sudarshan, V., 2018a. Data on fluoride concentration levels in semi-arid region of Medak, Telangana, South India. Data in Brief 16, 717–723.
[62]Narsimha, A., Sudarshan, V., 2018b. Drinking water pollution with respective of fluoride in the semi-arid region of Basara, Nirmal district, Telangana State, India. Data in brief 16, 752–757.
[63]Pandith, M., Malpe, D., Rao, A., Rao, P., 2016. Aquifer wise seasonal variations and\ spatial distribution of major ions with focus on fluoride contamination- Pandharkawada block, Yavatmal district, Maharashtra, India. Environ. Monit. Assess. 188, 72.
[64]Pandith, M., Kaplay, R., Potdar, S., Sangnor, H., Rao, A., 2017. Impact of urbanization coupled with drought situations on groundwater quality in shallow (basalt) and deeper (granite) aquifers with special reference to fluoride in Nanded-Waghala Municipal Corporation, Nanded District, Maharashtra (India). Environ. Monit. Assess. 189, 428.
[65]Podgorski, et al., 2018. Prediction modeling and mapping of groundwater fluoride contamination throughout India. Environ. Sci. Technol. 52 (17), 9889–9898. https://doi. org/10.1021/acs.est.8b01679.
[66]Pradeep kumar.R & SriPrakash.DKN, Assessment of Fluoride Concentration in Groundwater in Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu, India. IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) e-ISSN: 2319-2402,p- ISSN: 2319-2399.Volume 8, Issue 6 Ver. II (Jun. 2014), PP 45-46.
[67]Prasad, Y.S., Rao, B.V., 2018. Monitoring and assessment of groundwater quality in a khondalitic terrain, Andhra Pradesh, India. Environ. Monit. Assess. 190, 426.
[68]Rajendra (2002), Groundwater Flouride Contamination in Unnao District (U.P.), People’s Science Institute 252 Vasant Vihar, Phase-1.
[69]Rao, N.S., 2017, Controlling factors of fluoride in groundwater in a part of Soutj India. Arabian jornal of geosciences, 10, 524.
[70]Ravindra, K., Garg, V.K., 2006. Distribution of fluoride in groundwater and its suitability assessment for drinking purpose. Int. J. Environ. Health Res. 16, 163–166.
[71]Ravindra, K., Garg, V.K., 2007. Hydro-chemical survey of groundwater of Hisar city and assessment of defluoridation methods used in India. Environ. Monit. Assess. 132, 33–43.
[72]Ray RK, Syed TH, Saha D, et al. (2017). Assessment of village-wise groundwater draft for irrigation: a field-based study in hard-rock aquifers of central India. Hydrogeol J 25(8):2513–25. doi: 10.1007/s10040-017-1625-x.
[73]S. Manikandan, S. Chidambaram, AL. Ramanathan, M. V. Prasanna, U. Karmegam, C. Singaraja, P. Paramaguru & I. Jainab, A study on the high fluoride concentration in the magnesium-rich waters of hard rock aquifer in Krishnagiri district, Tamilnadu, India. Arab J Geosci DOI 10.1007/s12517-012-0752-x.
[74]Sahu, B.L., Banjare, G.R., Ramteke, S., Patel, K.S., Matini, L., 2017. Fluoride contamination of groundwater and toxicities in dongargaon block, Chhattisgarh, Indian Exposure and Health 9, 143–156.
[75]Samal, A.C., Bhattacharya, P., Mallick, A., Ali, M.M., Pyne, J., Santra, S.C., 2015. A study to investigate fluoride contamination and fluoride exposure dose assessment in lateritic zones of West Bengal, India. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Control Ser. 22, 6220–6229.
[76]Sanda Rajitha & Praveen Raj Saxena, Fluoride Contamination in the Groundwater in and its Effect on Human Health in Alladurg Area: A Case Study of Medak District, Telangana State, India. Research & Reviews: Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, ISSN: 2347-7830.
[77]Sankararamakrishnan, N., Sharma, A.K., Iyengar, L., 2008. Contamination of nitrate and fluoride in ground water along the Ganges Alluvial Plain of Kanpur district, Uttar Pradesh, India. Environ. Monit. Assess. 146, 375–382.
[78]Saurabh Levin, Sunderrajan Krishnan, Samuel Rajkumar, Nischal Halery, Pradeep Balkunde,
[79]Monitoring of fluoride in water samples using a smartphone, Science of The Total Environment,
[80]Volumes 551–552, 2016, Pages 101-107, ISSN 0048-9697, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.156.
[81]Shaji, E., Viju B. J., & Thambi D. S. (2007). High fluoride in groundwater of Palghat District, Kerala. Current Science, 92(2), 240-245.
[82]Shankar, B., Balasubramanya, N., Reddy, M.M., 2008. Impact of industrialization on groundwater quality–a case study of Peenya industrial area, Bangalore, India. Environ. Monit. Assess. 142, 263–268.
[83]Singaraja, C., Chidambaram, S., Anandhan, P., Prasanna, M.V., Thivya, C., Thilagavathi, R., 2013. A study on the status of fluoride ion in groundwater of coastal hard rock aquifers of south India. Arabian Journal of Geosciences 6, 4167–4177.
[84]Singh, B., Gaur, S., Garg, V., 2007. Fluoride in drinking water and human urine in Southern Haryana, India. J. Hazard Mater. 144, 147–151.
[85]Singh, C.K., Mukherjee, S., 2015. Aqueous geochemistry of fluoride enriched groundwater in arid part of Western India. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Control Ser. 22, 2668–2678.
[86]Sivasankar, V., Ramachandramoorthy, T., Chandramohan, A., 2013. Deterioration of coastal groundwater quality in Island and mainland regions of Ramanathapuram District, Southern India. Environ. Monit. Assess. 185, 931–944.
[87]Srikanth, R., Gautam, A., Jaiswal, S.C., Singh, P., 2013. Urinary fluoride as a monitoring tool for assessing successful intervention in the provision of safe drinking water supply in five fluoride-affected villages in Dhar district, Madhya Pradesh, India. Environ. Monit. Assess. 185, 2343–2350.
[88]Srinivasamoorthy, K., Vijayaraghavan, K., Vasanthavigar, M., Sarma, S., Chidambaram, S., Anandhan, P., Manivannan, R., 2012. Assessment of groundwater quality with special emphasis on fluoride contamination in crystalline bed rock aquifers of Mettur region, Tamilnadu, India. Arabian Journal of Geosciences 5, 83–94.
[89]Subramani, T., Rajmohan, N., Elango, L., 2010. Groundwater geochemistry and identification of hydrogeochemical processes in a hard rock region, Southern India. Environ. Monit. Assess. 162, 123–137.
[90]Sudarshan, V., Narsimha, A., Das, S., 2018. Geochemical behavior of fluoride-rich groundwater in Markapur, Andhra Pradesh, South India. Data in Brief 18, 87–95.
[91]Surendra Singh, Fluoride Contamination in Groundwater in Some Villages of Banda District, Uttar Pradesh, India. IJIRST –International Journal for Innovative Research in Science & Technology| Volume 3 | Issue 06 | November 2016.
[92]Suthar, S., Garg, V. K., Jangir, S., Kaur, S., Goswami, N., & Singh, S. (2008). Fluoride contamination in drinking water in rural habitations of Northern Rajasthan, India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 145, 1-6.
[93]Suthar, S., 2011. Contaminated drinking water and rural health perspectives in Rajasthan, India: an overview of recent case studies. Environ. Monit. Assess. 173, 837–849.
[94]Tejbir Singh Rana, Bharat Ratnu & Kiran Bamel, Fluoride Toxicity of Ground Water in Makrana Tehsil, Nagaur District, Rajasthan. DU Journal of Undergraduate Research and Innovation, Volume 1 Issue 2, Page 386-394.
[95]Teotia, S. P.S. and Teotia, M. Endemic fluorosis in India: A challenging National Health problem. J AP I., 32(4 ), 347-352 (1984).
[96]Tiwari, A.K., Singh, A.K., Mahato, M.K., 2017. GIS based evaluation of fluoride contamination and assessment of fluoride exposure dose in groundwater of a district in Uttar Pradesh, India. Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. Int. J. 23, 56–66.
[97]Ugran, V., Desai, N.N., Chakraborti, D., Masali, K.A., Mantur, P., Kulkarni, S., Deshmukh, N., Chadchan, K.S., Das, S.N., Tanksali, A.S., 2017. Groundwater fluoride contamination and its possible health implications in Indi taluk of Vijayapura District (Karnataka State), India. Environ. Geochem. Health 39, 1017–1029.
[98]Usham, A., Dubey, C., Shukla, D., Mishra, B., Bhartiya, G., 2018. Sources of fluoride contamination in Singrauli with special reference to Rihand reservoir and its surrounding. J. Geol. Soc. India 91, 441–448.
[99]Vasanthavigar, M., Srinivasamoorthy, K., Vijayaragavan, K., Ganthi, R.R., Chidambaram, S., Anandhan, P., Manivannan, R., Vasudevan, S., 2010. Application of water quality index for groundwater quality assessment: Thirumanimuttar sub-basin, Tamilnadu, India. Environ. Monit. Assess. 171, 595–609.
[100]Veeraputhiran.V & Alagumuthu.G, A report on Fluoride distribution in drinking Water. International Journal Of Environmental Sciences Volume 1, No 4, 2010.
[101]Vetrimurugan, E., Elango, L., 2015. Groundwater chemistry and quality in an intensively cultivated river delta. Water Quality, Exposure and Health 7, 125–141.
Copyright © 2022 Mohd Shoeb, Mohd Arslaan Akhtar, Wamiq Mohammed Khan, Mohammad Arif Kamal
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License