Research Status of Early Warning of Loess Landslides Based on Water-Suction Stress-Local Stability Factor
Journal: Architecture Engineering and Science DOI: 10.32629/aes.v3i1.667
Abstract
Loess is a special soil with strong water sensitivity. In recent years, the frequency of water-induced loess landslides has been increasing. It has caused great losses to people's lives and property. However, there is no mature early warning and prediction model of loess landslides based on water- suction stress-local stability factor now. Based on the research status of early warning of loess landslide based on water-suction stress-local stability factor at home and abroad, the authors analyzed the basic characteristics and instability mechanism of loess landslides induced by different factors. And the authors initially put forward the establishment of early warning model of loess landslide under different inducement conditions. During it, the authors analyzed the water content of loess, matric suction, suction stress, progressive failure process and local stability factor, and the research status of early warning and physical early warning models of loess landslide based on water-suction stress-local stability factor are discussed. Finally, the authors advanced a refined early warning model of loess landslide based on progressive failure principle and finite element method coupled with water-suction stress-local stability factor is proposed, which takes water as the main line, as well as the research contents and research schemes for realizing the model.
Keywords
water, suction-stress, local stability factor, loess landslide, early warning
Funding
The National Key Research and Development Program Project (No. 2018YFC1504704) and the China Geological Survey Grade II Project (DD20190310)
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[4]Chugh A K. Variable factor of safety in slope stability analysis[J]. Geotechnique, 1986, 36(1) : 57-64.
[5]Crosta G. Regionalization of rainfall thresholds: An aid to landslide hazard evaluation[J]. Environmental Geology, 1998, 35: 131-145.
[6]Deng Yousheng, Liu Huafei, Yao Zhigang. Strength Reduction Method Based on Suction Stress[J].Journal of Chongqing Jiaotong University(Natural Science), 2017, 36(3):79-83.
[7]Francesco P, Claudia P, Marco S, et al. Assessment of rainfall thresholds and soil moisture modeling for operational hydrogeological risk prevention in the Umbria region[J]. Landslides, 2012, (9):229-237.
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[9]Guo Chen, Xu Qiang, Wei Yong, et al. Evolution Characteristics and Disaster Modes of Repeatedly Failure Loess Landslides in Southern Jingyang Plateau,Shaanxi Province[J]. Geological Science and Technology Information, 2019, (5): 204-211.
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[11]Godt J W, Baum R, Lu N, et al. 2009. Landsliding in partially saturated materials [J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2008,36, L02403, doi: 10.1029/2008GL035996.
[12]Gvirtzman H, Shalev E, Dahan O, et al. Large-scale infiltration experiments into unsaturated stratified loess sediments:Monitoring and modeling[J]. Journal of Hydrology, 2008, 349: 214-229.
[13]Huang A B, Lee J T, Ho Y T, et al. Stability monitoring of rainfall-induced deep landslides through pore pressure profile measurements[J]. Soils and Foundations, 2012, 52(4): 737-747.
[14]Hurley D G, Pantelis G. Unsaturated and saturated flow through a thin porous layer on a hillslope[J]. Water Resources Research, 1985, 21: 821-824.
[15]Iverson M R, Reid M E. Gravity driven groundwater flow and slope failure potential elastic effective stress model[J]. Water Resources Research, 1992, 28: 925-938.
[16]Iverson M R. Sensitivity of stability analyses to groundwater data[C] // Bell D H.Proceedings of VIth International Symposium on Landslides,Christchurch.New Zealand, 1991:451-457.
[17]Lee K T, Ho J Y. Prediction of landslide occurrence based on slope-instability analysis and hydrological model simulation[J]. Journal of Hydrology, 2009, 375: 489-497.
[18]Lee L M, Gofar N, Rahardjo H, et al. A simple model for preliminary evaluation of rainfall-induced slope instability[J]. Engineering Geology, 2009, 108: 272-285.
[19]Ling X, Qiao X J, Wu C X, et al. Causes of landslide recurrence in a loess platform with respect to hydrological processes[J]. Nat. Hazards, 2012, 64: 657-670.
[20]Liu Lulu, Wang Dongying, Song Liang, et al. Variable Rule of Slope Local Safety Factor[J]. Journal of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, 2016, 14(5).
[21]Lu N, Kaya M. A drying cake method for measuring suction-stress characteristic curve, soil-water-retention curve, and hydraulic conductivity function[J]. Geotechnical Testing Journal, 2012, 36(1), doi: 10.1520/GT J0097.
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[23]Lei Xiangyi. Geo-hazards and Human Activity at Loess Plateau[M]. Beijing: Geological Press, 2001.
[24]Liang Yan, Qiao Jun, Xie Chao, et al. The Influence of the Cracks on the Landslide Induced by Irrigation: Take the Southern Jingyang Plate，Shaanxi Province as an Example[J]. Science Technology and Engineering , 2019, 19(20): 310-316.
[25]Mu Huan-dong, Song Deng-yan, Zhang Mao-sheng, et al. Centrifuge modelling tests on loess landslides induced by irrigation[J]. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 2016, 38(S2): 172-177.
[26]Wang Yu, Liu Haisong, Huang Miansong, et al. Experimental Study on Collapsibility of Luochuan Loess under Low Load[J]. Science Technology and Engineering , 2019, 19(35): 310-316.
[27]Ming Zhang, Mauri McSaveney, Hai Shao, et al. The 2009 Jiweishan rock avalanche, Wulong, China: Precursor conditions and factors leading to failure[J]. Engineering Geology, 2018, (233)225-230.
[28]Muntohar A S, Liao H J. Analysis of rainfall-induced infinite slope failure during typhoon using a hydrological-geotechnical model[J]. Environmental Geology, 2009, 56: 1145-1159.
[29]Muntohar A S, Liao H J. Rainfall infiltration: Infinite slope model for landslides triggering by rainstorm[J]. Nat. Hazards, 2010, 54: 967-984.
[30]Ning L, Jonatha G J. Infinite slope stability under steady unsaturated seepage conditions[J]. Water Resources Research, 2008, 44:1-13.
[31]Oka F, Garcia E. Instability of Unsaturated Soil During the Water Infiltration[J]. Geomechanics and Geoengineering, 2011, (7):293-299.
[32]Penghui Ma, Jianbing Peng, Qiyao Wang, et al. The mechanisms of a loess landslide triggered by diversion-based irrigation: a case study of the South Jingyang Platform, China[J]. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, 2019, 78 (7) : 4945-4963.
[33]Peng Jianbing, Lin Hungchou, Wang Qiya, et al. The Critical Issues and Creative Concepts in Mitigation Research of Loess Geological Hazards[J]. Journal of Engineering Geology, 2014, 22(4): 684-691.
[34]Peng Liyun, Liu Jiankun. Deformation properties of thawing silty clay under cyclic loading[J]. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 2010, 32(4): 567-572.
[35]Pradel D, Raad G. Effect of permeability on surficial stability of homogeneous slopesijl Geotech Eng[J]. 1993, 119: 315-332.
[36]Qi Xing, Xu Qiang, Sun Liang, et al. Research Overview on Early Warning of Precipitation-Induced Loess Landslides[J]. Geological Science and Technology Information, 2014, (6): 219-225.
[37]Qi Xing, Xu Qiang, Zhu Xing, et al. Deformation Characteristics and Formation Mechanism of Static Liquefaction No. 8 Loess I andslide in Chenjia ,Heifangtai, Gansu Province[J]. Geological Science and Technology Information, 2018, (9): 234-239.
[38]Shao Hai, Wei Yunjie, HUANG Zhe, et al. Kezilesai loess landslide dam-breaking debris flow hazards model in Yining County, Xinjiang[J]. The Chinese Journal of Geological Hazard and Control, 2018, 29(6): 40-46.
[39]Tavenas F, Trak B, Leroueil S, et al. Remarks on the validity of stability analyses[J]. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 1980, 17(1): 61-73.
[40]Tan Fu-lin, Hu Xin-li, Zhang Yu-ming, et al. Study of progressive failure processes and stabilities of different types of landslides[J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics, 2016, (s2): 597-606.
[41]Tsai T L, Chiang S J. Modeling of layered infinite slope failure triggered by rainfall[J]. Environ.Earth Sci., 2013, 68: 1429-1434.
[42]Tu X B, Kwong A K L, Dai F C, et al. Field monitoring of rainfall infiltration in a loess slope and analysis of failure mechanism of rainfall-induced landslides[J]. Engineering Geology, 2009, 105: 134-150.
[43]Tu XB, Kwong AKL, Dai FC, et al. Field monitoring of rainfall infiltration in a loess slope and analysis of failure mechanism of rainfall-induced landslides[J]. Engineering Geology, 2009, 105: 134-150.
[44]Tang Yaming, Xue Qiang, Bi Junbo, et al. Preliminary Study on Loess Landslide Rainfall Triggering Modes and Thresholds[J]. Geological Review, 2013, 59: 97-106.
[45]Wang J J, Liang Y, Zhang H P, et al. A loess landslide induced by excavation and rainfall[J]. Landslides, 2013, 7: 418-429.
[46]White N F, Duke H R, Sunada D K, et al. Physics of desaturation in porous materials[J]. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Division, ASCE, 1970, 96: 165-191.
[47]Jinge Wang. Study on Structure and Hydro-Mechanical Properties of Sliding Zone Soil in Huangtupo Landslide[D]. Bei, Jing: an China University of Geosciences, 2012.
[48]Wang Nianqin, Yao Yong. Characteristics and Mechanism of Landslides in Loess during Freezing and Thawing Periods in Seasonally Frozen Ground Regions[J]. Journal of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Engineering, 2008, 28(2): 163-166.
[49]Wang Nianqin. Study on the Growing Laws and Controlling Measures for Loess Landslide[D]. Cheng, du: Chengdu University of Technology, 2004.
[50]Wang Yu, Li Xiao, Zhang Bo, et al. Dynamic progressive failure evolution research on landslide under precipitation [J]. Shui Li Xue Bao, 2013, (4).
[51]Wu Weijiang, Wang Nianqin. Lanslides in Gansu Province[M]. Lanzhou: Lanzhou University Press, 2006.
[52]Xu Liqun, Shen Zhenzhong, Yu Kaijia, et al. Stability analysis and estimation of slope excavation of Silin Hydropower Station’s navigation lock[C]. Rock and Soil Mechanics. 2008.
[53]Xiao Shirong, Hu Zhiyu, Lu Shusheng, et al. Classification of Reservoir-Triggered Landslides in Three Gorges Reservoir Area[J]. Journal of Yangtze River Scientific Research Institute, 2013, 30(11): 39-44.
[54]Xu L, Dai F C, Tham L G, et al. Field testing of irrigation effects on the stability of a cliff edge in loess, North-west China[J]. Engineering Geology, 2011, 120(1-4): 10-17.
[55]Xing Xianli, Li Tonglu, Ju Kunlun, et al. Research on The Strength Parameters of Unsaturated Loess[J]. Journal of Engineering Geology, 2015, (2).
[56]Yao Hai lin. Some considerations about the concept of matric suction and questions related to matric suction[J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics, 2005, 26(1).
[57]Yuan Zhihui, Ni Wankui, Liu Ru, et al. Study of shear strength of unsaturated and undisturbed loess based on suction stress[J]. Journal of Hefei University of Technology, 2015, (5).
[58]Yin Zhiqiang, Xu Qiang, Zhao Wuji, et al. Study on the developmental characteristic, evolution processes and forming mechanism of Xiazangtan super large scale landslide of the upper reaches of Yellow River[J]. Quaternary Science, 2016, 36(2): 474-483).
[59]Zhang J, Jiao J J, Yang J, et al. In situ rainfall infiltration studies at a hillside in Hubei Province, China[J]. Engineering Geology, 2000, 57: 31-38.
[60]Zhu L F, Hu W, Jia J, et al. Development features and mechanical mechanism of irrigation-induced landslides in Heifangtai, Gansu Province[J]. Geological Bulletin of China, 2013, 32(6): 840-846.
[61]Zhang M S, Dong Y, Sun P P, et al. Impact of reservoir impoundment-caused groundwater level changes on regional slope stability: A case study in the Loess Plateau of Western China[J]. Environ. Earth. Sci., 2012, 66: 715-725.
[62]Zhang Maosheng, Hu Wei, Sun Pingping, et al. Advances and prospects of water sensitivity of loess and the induced loess landslides[J]. Journal of Earth Environment, 2016, 7(4):323-334.
[63]Zhang Maosheng, Li Tonglu. Triggering Factors and Forming Mechanism of Loess Landslides[J]. Journal of Engineering Geology, 2011, 19(4):530-540.
[64]Zhang Maosheng, Xiao Peixi, Wei Xingli, et al. Geo-hazards at Baota Distract, Yan'an city[M]. Beijing: Geological Press, 2008.
[65]Zhu Sainan, Yin Yueping, Wang Wenpei, et al. Mechanism of Freeze-thaw Loess Landslide in Yili River Valley,Xinjiang[J]. Acta Geoscientica Sinica, 2018, (6): 1-11.
[66]Zhang Shuxuan, Yang Weimin, Cheng Xiaojie, et al. Genetic mechanism and stability analysis of loess landslides group in Tianshui Hongqishan, Gansu Province[J]. Geology in China, 2017, 44(5): 924-937.
[2]Bujang B K, Faisal H J, Low T H. Water infiltration characteristics of unsaturated soil slope and its effect on suction and stability[J]. Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, 2006, 24: 1293-1306.
[3]Bi Yinqiang, Zhang Maosheng, Gu Tianfeng, et al. Soil-water Characteristics and Strength Indexes of Unsaturated Loess[J]. Journal of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Engineering, 2018, 38(03), 520-527.
[4]Chugh A K. Variable factor of safety in slope stability analysis[J]. Geotechnique, 1986, 36(1) : 57-64.
[5]Crosta G. Regionalization of rainfall thresholds: An aid to landslide hazard evaluation[J]. Environmental Geology, 1998, 35: 131-145.
[6]Deng Yousheng, Liu Huafei, Yao Zhigang. Strength Reduction Method Based on Suction Stress[J].Journal of Chongqing Jiaotong University(Natural Science), 2017, 36(3):79-83.
[7]Francesco P, Claudia P, Marco S, et al. Assessment of rainfall thresholds and soil moisture modeling for operational hydrogeological risk prevention in the Umbria region[J]. Landslides, 2012, (9):229-237.
[8]Fredlund D G, Rahardjo H. Soil mechanics for unsaturated soils[M]. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1993.
[9]Guo Chen, Xu Qiang, Wei Yong, et al. Evolution Characteristics and Disaster Modes of Repeatedly Failure Loess Landslides in Southern Jingyang Plateau,Shaanxi Province[J]. Geological Science and Technology Information, 2019, (5): 204-211.
[10]Guo Nan, Yang Xiao-hui, Chen Zheng-han, et al. Influence of matricial suction on strength and deformation characteristics of unsaturated loess in intact form[J]. Journal of Lanzhou University of Technology, 2017, 43(6).
[11]Godt J W, Baum R, Lu N, et al. 2009. Landsliding in partially saturated materials [J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2008,36, L02403, doi: 10.1029/2008GL035996.
[12]Gvirtzman H, Shalev E, Dahan O, et al. Large-scale infiltration experiments into unsaturated stratified loess sediments:Monitoring and modeling[J]. Journal of Hydrology, 2008, 349: 214-229.
[13]Huang A B, Lee J T, Ho Y T, et al. Stability monitoring of rainfall-induced deep landslides through pore pressure profile measurements[J]. Soils and Foundations, 2012, 52(4): 737-747.
[14]Hurley D G, Pantelis G. Unsaturated and saturated flow through a thin porous layer on a hillslope[J]. Water Resources Research, 1985, 21: 821-824.
[15]Iverson M R, Reid M E. Gravity driven groundwater flow and slope failure potential elastic effective stress model[J]. Water Resources Research, 1992, 28: 925-938.
[16]Iverson M R. Sensitivity of stability analyses to groundwater data[C] // Bell D H.Proceedings of VIth International Symposium on Landslides,Christchurch.New Zealand, 1991:451-457.
[17]Lee K T, Ho J Y. Prediction of landslide occurrence based on slope-instability analysis and hydrological model simulation[J]. Journal of Hydrology, 2009, 375: 489-497.
[18]Lee L M, Gofar N, Rahardjo H, et al. A simple model for preliminary evaluation of rainfall-induced slope instability[J]. Engineering Geology, 2009, 108: 272-285.
[19]Ling X, Qiao X J, Wu C X, et al. Causes of landslide recurrence in a loess platform with respect to hydrological processes[J]. Nat. Hazards, 2012, 64: 657-670.
[20]Liu Lulu, Wang Dongying, Song Liang, et al. Variable Rule of Slope Local Safety Factor[J]. Journal of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, 2016, 14(5).
[21]Lu N, Kaya M. A drying cake method for measuring suction-stress characteristic curve, soil-water-retention curve, and hydraulic conductivity function[J]. Geotechnical Testing Journal, 2012, 36(1), doi: 10.1520/GT J0097.
[22]Lu N, Likos W J. Unsaturated soil mechanics[M]. Colorado:Wiley, 2004.
[23]Lei Xiangyi. Geo-hazards and Human Activity at Loess Plateau[M]. Beijing: Geological Press, 2001.
[24]Liang Yan, Qiao Jun, Xie Chao, et al. The Influence of the Cracks on the Landslide Induced by Irrigation: Take the Southern Jingyang Plate，Shaanxi Province as an Example[J]. Science Technology and Engineering , 2019, 19(20): 310-316.
[25]Mu Huan-dong, Song Deng-yan, Zhang Mao-sheng, et al. Centrifuge modelling tests on loess landslides induced by irrigation[J]. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 2016, 38(S2): 172-177.
[26]Wang Yu, Liu Haisong, Huang Miansong, et al. Experimental Study on Collapsibility of Luochuan Loess under Low Load[J]. Science Technology and Engineering , 2019, 19(35): 310-316.
[27]Ming Zhang, Mauri McSaveney, Hai Shao, et al. The 2009 Jiweishan rock avalanche, Wulong, China: Precursor conditions and factors leading to failure[J]. Engineering Geology, 2018, (233)225-230.
[28]Muntohar A S, Liao H J. Analysis of rainfall-induced infinite slope failure during typhoon using a hydrological-geotechnical model[J]. Environmental Geology, 2009, 56: 1145-1159.
[29]Muntohar A S, Liao H J. Rainfall infiltration: Infinite slope model for landslides triggering by rainstorm[J]. Nat. Hazards, 2010, 54: 967-984.
[30]Ning L, Jonatha G J. Infinite slope stability under steady unsaturated seepage conditions[J]. Water Resources Research, 2008, 44:1-13.
[31]Oka F, Garcia E. Instability of Unsaturated Soil During the Water Infiltration[J]. Geomechanics and Geoengineering, 2011, (7):293-299.
[32]Penghui Ma, Jianbing Peng, Qiyao Wang, et al. The mechanisms of a loess landslide triggered by diversion-based irrigation: a case study of the South Jingyang Platform, China[J]. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, 2019, 78 (7) : 4945-4963.
[33]Peng Jianbing, Lin Hungchou, Wang Qiya, et al. The Critical Issues and Creative Concepts in Mitigation Research of Loess Geological Hazards[J]. Journal of Engineering Geology, 2014, 22(4): 684-691.
[34]Peng Liyun, Liu Jiankun. Deformation properties of thawing silty clay under cyclic loading[J]. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 2010, 32(4): 567-572.
[35]Pradel D, Raad G. Effect of permeability on surficial stability of homogeneous slopesijl Geotech Eng[J]. 1993, 119: 315-332.
[36]Qi Xing, Xu Qiang, Sun Liang, et al. Research Overview on Early Warning of Precipitation-Induced Loess Landslides[J]. Geological Science and Technology Information, 2014, (6): 219-225.
[37]Qi Xing, Xu Qiang, Zhu Xing, et al. Deformation Characteristics and Formation Mechanism of Static Liquefaction No. 8 Loess I andslide in Chenjia ,Heifangtai, Gansu Province[J]. Geological Science and Technology Information, 2018, (9): 234-239.
[38]Shao Hai, Wei Yunjie, HUANG Zhe, et al. Kezilesai loess landslide dam-breaking debris flow hazards model in Yining County, Xinjiang[J]. The Chinese Journal of Geological Hazard and Control, 2018, 29(6): 40-46.
[39]Tavenas F, Trak B, Leroueil S, et al. Remarks on the validity of stability analyses[J]. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 1980, 17(1): 61-73.
[40]Tan Fu-lin, Hu Xin-li, Zhang Yu-ming, et al. Study of progressive failure processes and stabilities of different types of landslides[J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics, 2016, (s2): 597-606.
[41]Tsai T L, Chiang S J. Modeling of layered infinite slope failure triggered by rainfall[J]. Environ.Earth Sci., 2013, 68: 1429-1434.
[42]Tu X B, Kwong A K L, Dai F C, et al. Field monitoring of rainfall infiltration in a loess slope and analysis of failure mechanism of rainfall-induced landslides[J]. Engineering Geology, 2009, 105: 134-150.
[43]Tu XB, Kwong AKL, Dai FC, et al. Field monitoring of rainfall infiltration in a loess slope and analysis of failure mechanism of rainfall-induced landslides[J]. Engineering Geology, 2009, 105: 134-150.
[44]Tang Yaming, Xue Qiang, Bi Junbo, et al. Preliminary Study on Loess Landslide Rainfall Triggering Modes and Thresholds[J]. Geological Review, 2013, 59: 97-106.
[45]Wang J J, Liang Y, Zhang H P, et al. A loess landslide induced by excavation and rainfall[J]. Landslides, 2013, 7: 418-429.
[46]White N F, Duke H R, Sunada D K, et al. Physics of desaturation in porous materials[J]. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Division, ASCE, 1970, 96: 165-191.
[47]Jinge Wang. Study on Structure and Hydro-Mechanical Properties of Sliding Zone Soil in Huangtupo Landslide[D]. Bei, Jing: an China University of Geosciences, 2012.
[48]Wang Nianqin, Yao Yong. Characteristics and Mechanism of Landslides in Loess during Freezing and Thawing Periods in Seasonally Frozen Ground Regions[J]. Journal of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Engineering, 2008, 28(2): 163-166.
[49]Wang Nianqin. Study on the Growing Laws and Controlling Measures for Loess Landslide[D]. Cheng, du: Chengdu University of Technology, 2004.
[50]Wang Yu, Li Xiao, Zhang Bo, et al. Dynamic progressive failure evolution research on landslide under precipitation [J]. Shui Li Xue Bao, 2013, (4).
[51]Wu Weijiang, Wang Nianqin. Lanslides in Gansu Province[M]. Lanzhou: Lanzhou University Press, 2006.
[52]Xu Liqun, Shen Zhenzhong, Yu Kaijia, et al. Stability analysis and estimation of slope excavation of Silin Hydropower Station’s navigation lock[C]. Rock and Soil Mechanics. 2008.
[53]Xiao Shirong, Hu Zhiyu, Lu Shusheng, et al. Classification of Reservoir-Triggered Landslides in Three Gorges Reservoir Area[J]. Journal of Yangtze River Scientific Research Institute, 2013, 30(11): 39-44.
[54]Xu L, Dai F C, Tham L G, et al. Field testing of irrigation effects on the stability of a cliff edge in loess, North-west China[J]. Engineering Geology, 2011, 120(1-4): 10-17.
[55]Xing Xianli, Li Tonglu, Ju Kunlun, et al. Research on The Strength Parameters of Unsaturated Loess[J]. Journal of Engineering Geology, 2015, (2).
[56]Yao Hai lin. Some considerations about the concept of matric suction and questions related to matric suction[J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics, 2005, 26(1).
[57]Yuan Zhihui, Ni Wankui, Liu Ru, et al. Study of shear strength of unsaturated and undisturbed loess based on suction stress[J]. Journal of Hefei University of Technology, 2015, (5).
[58]Yin Zhiqiang, Xu Qiang, Zhao Wuji, et al. Study on the developmental characteristic, evolution processes and forming mechanism of Xiazangtan super large scale landslide of the upper reaches of Yellow River[J]. Quaternary Science, 2016, 36(2): 474-483).
[59]Zhang J, Jiao J J, Yang J, et al. In situ rainfall infiltration studies at a hillside in Hubei Province, China[J]. Engineering Geology, 2000, 57: 31-38.
[60]Zhu L F, Hu W, Jia J, et al. Development features and mechanical mechanism of irrigation-induced landslides in Heifangtai, Gansu Province[J]. Geological Bulletin of China, 2013, 32(6): 840-846.
[61]Zhang M S, Dong Y, Sun P P, et al. Impact of reservoir impoundment-caused groundwater level changes on regional slope stability: A case study in the Loess Plateau of Western China[J]. Environ. Earth. Sci., 2012, 66: 715-725.
[62]Zhang Maosheng, Hu Wei, Sun Pingping, et al. Advances and prospects of water sensitivity of loess and the induced loess landslides[J]. Journal of Earth Environment, 2016, 7(4):323-334.
[63]Zhang Maosheng, Li Tonglu. Triggering Factors and Forming Mechanism of Loess Landslides[J]. Journal of Engineering Geology, 2011, 19(4):530-540.
[64]Zhang Maosheng, Xiao Peixi, Wei Xingli, et al. Geo-hazards at Baota Distract, Yan'an city[M]. Beijing: Geological Press, 2008.
[65]Zhu Sainan, Yin Yueping, Wang Wenpei, et al. Mechanism of Freeze-thaw Loess Landslide in Yili River Valley,Xinjiang[J]. Acta Geoscientica Sinica, 2018, (6): 1-11.
[66]Zhang Shuxuan, Yang Weimin, Cheng Xiaojie, et al. Genetic mechanism and stability analysis of loess landslides group in Tianshui Hongqishan, Gansu Province[J]. Geology in China, 2017, 44(5): 924-937.
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